106 Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms (Research paper; Hemonic, 2018)

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106 Research paper – Hemonic – 2018 – Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms

106 Research paper
Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms
by Hémonic, A., Chauvin, C., Delzescaux, D., Verliat, F. and I. Corrégé
2018 Porcine Health Management 4: 11p.
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The French swine industry and the national authorities have been very focused om reducing the use of antimicrobials in swine production since 2010. A retrospective study on a representative sample of at least 150 farms has provided detailed information on the 2010 and 2013 antimicrobial use in the French swine farms. The results shows a strong and significant decrease in antimicrobial use in pigs between 2010 and 2013, which comply with the national target of 25% reduction by 2017. These results reflect that swine production professionals are very aware to the antimicrobial reduction objectives, and are the result of pre-2012 voluntary measures, such as the limitation on the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins.
Country: FR

104 Biosecurity-Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp on Poultry farms (Research paper; Newell, 2006)

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104 Research paper -Newell-2006-Biosecurity – Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp on Poultry farms

104 Research paper
Biosecurity-Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp. on Poultry Farms
by Newell, D.G., Elvers, K.T., Dopfer, D., Hansson, I., Jones, P., James, S., Gittins, J., Stern, N.J., Davies, R., Connerton, I. and D. Pearson
2006 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77: 8605–8614
In Significant Impact Groups:
Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The prevention and control of Campylobacter in poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. A critical review of the literature on interventions to control Campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. Multiple electronic databases were employed to search the literature, in any language, from 1980 to September 2008. Many of these studies gathered had poor design, sampling, and statistical analysis. The evidence for each potential source and route of transmission on the poultry farm was reviewed and the options for intervention were considered. The review concluded that biosecurity on conventional broiler farms can frequently be enhanced and this should contribute to the reduction of flock colonization. However, non-biosecurity-based approaches will also be required in the future to maximize the reduction of Campylobacter-positive flocks at the farm level.
Country: UK; SE; FR

103 Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands – Monitoring trends and developments using routinely-collected cattle census data (Research paper; Santman-Berends et al., 2016)

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103 Research paper – Santman-Berends – 2016 – Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands – Monitoring trends and developments using routinely collected cattle census data

103 Research paper
Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands: Monitoring trends and developments using routinely collected cattle census data
by Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A., Brouwer-Middelesch, H., Van Wuijckhuise, L., de Bont-Smolenaars, A.J.G. and G. Van Schaik
2016 Preventive Veterinary Medicine 134: 103-112
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;Adult;
Summary: A national cattle health surveillance system (CHSS) has been in place in the Netherlands since 2002. This system consists of several surveillance components: enhanced passive reporting, diagnostic test results and post-mortem exams, random surveys for prevalence estimation of endemic diseases and quarterly data analysis. This data-analysis component [Trend Analysis Surveillance Component(TASC)] aims to monitor trends and developments in cattle health using routine census data. The key monitoring indicators that are analysed as part of TASC all relate to cattle health and involve parameters such as mortality, fertility, udder health and antimicrobial usage. The challenges and lessons learned from developing this tool are discussed in this article. The TASC also allows to visualize trends in time, can be used to support or highlight signals that are detected in one of the other surveillance components and can provide warnings or initiate changes in policy when unfavorable trends in cattle health occur.
Where to find the original material:
Country: NL

102 Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry (Research report; Magnusson et al., 2019))

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102 Research report – Magnusson – 2019 – Prudent and efficent use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry by Magnusson, U.; Sternberg, S.; Eklund, G. and A. Rozstalnyy. 2019 FAO Animal Production and Health manual 23: 44p

Where to find the original material: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6729en/
Country: IT

Summary: This manual focuses on prevention of infections and prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors, the livestock sectors that generally have the highest use of antibiotics. It should be regarded as a practical complement to national governance and regulatory measures. The manual is aimed to help using antibiotics in a prudent and medically efficient way without loss in productivity. It is especially targeted to farmers with commercialized medium- or large-scale production, veterinarians and other animal health personnel who are dealing with pigs and poultry. In general, the principles and practices described here are universally useful and may be applied elsewhere.Several elements are highlighted namely: gradually stopping growth promotion and preventive use of antibiotics, minimizing use of critical important antimicrobials (CIAs) for humans, limiting antibiotic use without prescription, moving toward treating individuals animals (avoiding group treatments) and disposing of used and expired antibiotics in a proper way.

83 Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms: a cross-sectional study (Research paper; Rees, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Quantity of antimicrobial stored
Summary: Many studies measure antimicrobial use on dairy farms, but little is known about the quantity and the way antimicrobials are stored on farms. The majority of prescription treatments occur without a veterinarian being present, however the association between use of these treatments and farmer decision making is still unclear. To better understand this situation, data were collected from 27 dairy farms in England and Wales. Antimicrobials were the group of medicines most commonly stored. It was common to find expired medicines and medicines not licensed for use in dairy cattle, and of antimicrobials considered critical. The medicine resources available to farmers are likely to influence their treatment decisions; so, finding medicines present in farms can give an idea of what motivates farmers to choose use certain types of medicines. The results are also helpful for policy makers and researchers to get a better understanding of patterns of medicine use.
83 Research paper – Rees – 2019 – Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms_ a cross-sectional study
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6589450/; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105041
Country: UK

83 Research paper – Rees – 2019 – Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms_ a cross-sectional study

76 The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands (Research paper; Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); Udder health
Summary: This study aimed to explore the effect of a national mastitis control program on Dutch farmers’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis.
Dairy farmers completed a survey on attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis before the start of a national mastitis control program in 2004, and 204 completed a similar survey in the final year of the program (2009). Although the average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) remained the same, the farmers’ self-reported attitudes, knowledge, and behavior changed significantly. The results show that a national mastitis control program can be successful in changing attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis. Results suggest an association between a change in BMSCC on individual farms and a change in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Although more research is needed to identify the long-term effect of these changes, this study can contribute to an increased understanding of the effects of animal health programs.
76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210006235; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3318
Country: NL

76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands

75 Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: Use and development of antimicrobial resistance (Research paper; Pyorala, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial resistance to macrolides; Antimicrobial resistance to lincosamides; Antimicrobial use of macrolides; Antimicrobial use of lincosamides
Summary: Macrolides and lincosamides (ML) are important antimicrobials for the treatment of infections in cattle and pigs, although rarely the only alternative. The most common indications for ML are the treatment of major swine gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and of bovine respiratory disease. There are quite a large number of old products containing ML in the EU, and updating and harmonising the dosing regimens of these products are necessary. Acquired resistance to ML antimicrobials has emerged, with the greatest increase in resistance in Brachyspira. In-feed medications and long-acting injections resulting in low concentrations of the active substance for long periods may particularly contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Macrolides are considered as critically important and lincosamides as highly important in human medicine, although mostly for non-food-borne infections. Prudent use of ML antimicrobials approved for food animals is of crucial importance to maintain the efficacy of these important therapeutic alternatives.
75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314000823; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028
Country: FI, DK, BE, NL, SE, ES, PT, LT, FR, UK,

75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance

65 Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012 (Research paper; Kuipers, 2012)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Animal-Defined Daily Dosages (ADDD)
Summary: The indicator animal-defined daily dosages (ADDD) was used to evaluate antibiotic use for 3 farmer groups and 6 treatment categories. Large variation in antibiotic use was found between herds, and variation in use among herds decreased during the study period. Reducing antibiotic use and the variation in use were related to changes in management practices, which can enhance drug use awareness. Managing udder health is the main reason for antibiotic use, justifying as 68% of all ADDD. A reduction in use was achieved by reducing daily dosages used as other treatments. A reduction in use for the treatment of mastitis was also noted, but farmers were hesitant to reduce dry-cow therapy. Restrictions on third-choice drugs were successful in minimizing their use, with a shift to increased use of penicillin and certain broad-spectrum drugs. Both lower veterinary costs per cow and antibiotic use decreased in recent years, according to this study.
65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030215009054; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8428
Country: NL

65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012

63 Farmers’ attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Adoption of Selective Dry Cow Therapy
Summary: Until recently, blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) has been the norm, and therefore the change to Selective DCT (SDCT) was expected to be a challenge for farmers. This study investigated how many farmers were doing SDCT in 2013 in the Netherlands and what they thought about it, the methods used to select cows for SDCT and the relationship between SDCT, mastitis and antimicrobial usage (AMU). SDCT was adopted by ~75% of study farms. Results showed that 4 factors related to farmers’ mindset were associated with the likelihood to adopt SDCT: costs of SDCT, uncertainty over recovery without antibiotics, lack of concern about potential negative consequences and use of internal teat sealants. The study found farmers were generally positive about reducing AMU. Application of SDCT appeared to be associated with farmers’ attitude towards it.
63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30462-3/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11349
Country: NL

63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy

59 Veterinarians’ attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced sales of Antimicrobials; shift in income to advisory services
Summary: In a questionnaire study to evaluate potential associations between veterinarians’ attitudes toward AMU and Selective DCT, they found the general attitude of Dutch dairy veterinarians toward reduction of AMU and SDCT was positive. Most expressed the belief that they can still be a ‘good’ veterinarian when they prescribe less antimicrobials. Veterinarians indicated they progressively promoted SDCT at the start of 2013. Results showed that veterinarians with a favourable attitude mentioned positive aspects of SDCT, such as an increased awareness of AMU amongst farmers, improving animal health, reducing AMR, and a chance to add value for the farmer, more often than other veterinarians with a less favourable view. The unfavourable group indicated negative aspects of SDCT more often, such as a higher risk of sick cows and feeling pressured to follow the rules. Given the influence veterinarians have on the attitudes of farmers and the variability in their own attitudes, veterinarians need specific attention if programs to encourage responsible AMU and SDCT amongst farmers are to work.
59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)30276-5/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13591
Country: NL

59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands