500 Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry a practical manual by FAO (Tools & Checklists)

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500 Tools & Checklists – Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry a practical manual by FAO

500 Tools & Checklists
Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry: a practical manual by FAO
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry;
Age:
Summary:
This manual is intended to assist in using antibiotics in a prudent and medically efficient way without loss in productivity. The prudent and medically effective use of antibiotics comprises several elements: a) Phasing out use of antibiotics as growth promoters and avoiding regular preventive use of antibiotics; b) Avoiding use of the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs) for human medicine in animals and adhering to the OIE List of Antimicrobials of Veterinary Importance; c) Only using antibiotics based on a diagnosis of disease by a veterinarian or other animal health professional and only for authorized indications; d) Striving for individual treatment of animals with the correct dose and duration and avoiding using antibiotics for group treatments except for poultry flocks, especially via feed. e) Using only quality-assured pharmaceuticals and always consulting an animal health professional before use; f) Disposing of unused and expired antibiotics in a proper way.
Where to find the original material: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6729en;
Country: Italy;

449 – Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle (Research report – Diana – 2020)

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449 Research report – Diana – 2020 – Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle

449 Research report
Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle by Diana, A., Lorenzi, V., Penasa, M., Magni, E., Alborali, G. L., Bertocchi, L., & De Marchi, M. 2020 Scientific Reports 10: 13-Jan
In Significant Impact Groups: Housing and welfare \ Weaning age and management; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
This study aimed to investigate the impact of welfare standards and biosecurity on AMU in beef cattle. Data on performance traits and AMU were collected over a 3.5 year time from 27 specialised beef farms and a treatment incidence was calculated using the defined daily dose for animals. An on-farm assessment was carried out. The highest average score was obtained for the welfare section (76%) followed by emergency management (39%) and biosecurity (24%). This suggests that major focus on strategies for the implementation of biosecurity measures and emergency management is needed, due to the low scores reported. A statistically significant lower AMU was observed with improved level of welfare. These results may be helpful for farm benchmarking and highlight the importance of improved animal welfare for an efficient antimicrobial stewardship
449 Research report – Diana – 2020 – Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle
Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33262402/; 10.1038/s41598-020-77838-w
Country: IT

336- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage patterns in 180 selected farrow-to-finish pig farms from nine European countries (Research paper – Sarrazin – 2018)

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336 Research paper – Sarrazin – 2018 – Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage patterns in 180 selected farrow-to-finish pig farms from nine European countries

In Significant Impact Groups: Other
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Summary:
Objectives: Farm-level quantification of antimicrobial usage (AMU) in pig farms.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study, AMU data on group treatments administered to a single batch of fattening pigs from birth to slaughter (group treatment data) and antimicrobials purchased during 1 year (purchase data) were collected at 180 pig farms in nine European countries. AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) based on defined (DDDvet) and used (UDDvet) daily doses and defined (DCDvet) and used (UCDvet) course doses.
Results: The majority of antimicrobial group treatments were administered to weaners (69.5% of total TIDDDvet) followed by sucklers (22.5% of total TIDDDvet). AMU varied considerably between farms with a median TIDDDvet of 9.2 and 7.1 for a standardized rearing period of 200 days based on group treatment and purchase data, respectively. In general, UDDvet and UCDvet were higher than DDDvet and DCDvet, respectively, suggesting that either the defined doses were set too low or that group treatments were often dosed too high and/or administered for too long. Extended-spectrum penicillins (31.2%) and polymyxins (24.7%) were the active substances most often used in group treatments, with the majority administered through feed or water (82%). Higher AMU at a young age was associated with higher use in older pigs.
Conclusions: Collecting farm-level AMU data of good quality is challenging and results differ based on how data are collected (group treatment data versus purchase data) and reported (defined versus used daily and course doses).

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30544242/; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky503
Country: BE, BG, DK, FR, DE, IT, PL, ES, NL

304 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms (Research paper – Trevisi – 2014)

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304 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The need for antibiotic treatments in dairy cattle farms can be reduced by a combined intervention scheme based on: (1) timely clinical inspections, (2) the assessment of animal-based welfare parameters, and (3) the use of predictive laboratory tests. These can provide greater insight into the current status of dairy cows and define animals at risk of contracting disease. In the long-term, improved disease control justifies the adoption of such a combined strategy. Many antibiotic treatments for chronic disease cases are often not justified after a cost/benefit analysis, because the repeated treatment does not give rise to the expected outcome in terms of animal health. With untreated cases, antibiotics may not lead to greater cure rates for some forms of mastitis. Lastly, a substantial reduction of antibiotic usage in dairy farms can be achieved through the proper use of immunomodulators, aimed at increasing immunocompetence and disease resistance of cows.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24508188/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.001.
Country: IT

229 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegrate Formation In Vivo (Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019)

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229 Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegr

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Antimicrobial usage is most common trigger for the spread of antimicrobial resistance however reducing antibiotic use only is not sufficient to reverse resistance. Only eliminating antimicrobial selection pressure does not lead to plasmid loss in all plasmid/host combinations. In 2012, a type of Salmonella bacteria (Salmonella Corvallis) carrying a multi-resistance gene (blaNDM-1 plasmid) was detected in a wild bird in Germany. In recent broiler chicken infection study, we observed transfer of this genetic element to other bacteria. The stability of this gene transfer was observed in our in vivo study with broilers. Our study revealed most common structural alterations of this relevant gene were maintained in the experiments with the broiler flock. Results in this article indicate that for the future, reduction in antimicrobial usage must be combined with alternative approaches that target the loss of the resistance gene, in order to slow down the spread of resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://aac.asm.org/content/63/8/e00380-19; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00380-19
Country: ES; IT; DE

214 Essential Oils in Drinking Water_ Using Flexibility and Speed to Help Poultry During Gut Health Challenges by Biomin (Industry Innovation)

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214 Industry Innovation – Essential Oils in Drinking Water_ Using Flexibility and Speed to Help Poultry During Gut Health Challenges by Biomin

In Significant Impact Groups: Feed / gut health \ Feed additives and supplements
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
While adding phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) to feed is the most common application method, many producers are realizing the benefits of including PFAs in drinking water. PFAs can be used to tackle necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry, a challenge likely to result in decreased feed intake. Bans on the use of antibiotic growth promotors in livestock production around the world have resulted in a performance gap. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) can help bridge the gap due to their beneficial biological effects. Drinking water application of PFAs (example of Digestarom® P.E.P. sol.) ensures they are delivered to the gut during times when they are most needed. Drinking water application of PFAs is flexible and quick and is increasing in popularity. Application can take place in combination with other additives such as organic acids, probiotics, or vaccines. Improved broiler gut quality and function results in reduced disease incidence and less treatment costs.

Where to find the original material: https://www.biomin.net/science-hub/essential-oils-in-drinking-water-using-flexibility-and-speed-to-help-poultry-during-gut-health-challenges-1/;
Country: IT; BE

129 The global threat of antimicrobial resistance_science for intervention (Research report – Roca, 2015)

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129 Research report – Roca – 2015 – The global threat of antimicrobial resistance_science for intervention

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Other;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: The current threat of antimicrobial resistance plus the need to control it and find alternatives to currently used antimicrobial products has prompted the different stakeholders to take action in integrating research and public health, maintaining and promoting national and international antimicrobial resistance (AMR) research communities. In summary, the following measures can be taken to prevent emergence and spread of AMR: rational antibiotic’s use, implementing infection control measures at farm level, developing strategies to mitigate the risks for environment of antimicrobial residues, having rapid tests for diagnosis of infections, promotion of research on prevention and surveillance of AMR and developing novel antimicrobial strategies and agents, improving general and public awareness of responsible antibiotic use and risks associated to increased AMR.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446399/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007

Country: ES, TR, FR, UK, BE, NL, SE, DK, US, IT, IE, MZ, DE, CH,

102 Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry (Research report; Magnusson et al., 2019))

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102 Research report – Magnusson – 2019 – Prudent and efficent use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry by Magnusson, U.; Sternberg, S.; Eklund, G. and A. Rozstalnyy. 2019 FAO Animal Production and Health manual 23: 44p

Where to find the original material: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6729en/
Country: IT

Summary: This manual focuses on prevention of infections and prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors, the livestock sectors that generally have the highest use of antibiotics. It should be regarded as a practical complement to national governance and regulatory measures. The manual is aimed to help using antibiotics in a prudent and medically efficient way without loss in productivity. It is especially targeted to farmers with commercialized medium- or large-scale production, veterinarians and other animal health personnel who are dealing with pigs and poultry. In general, the principles and practices described here are universally useful and may be applied elsewhere.Several elements are highlighted namely: gradually stopping growth promotion and preventive use of antibiotics, minimizing use of critical important antimicrobials (CIAs) for humans, limiting antibiotic use without prescription, moving toward treating individuals animals (avoiding group treatments) and disposing of used and expired antibiotics in a proper way.

98 Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production (Research report; Wall et al., 2016)

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98 Research report – Wall – 2016 – Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production

98 Research report
Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production by Wall, B.A., Mateus, A.L.P., Marshall, L., Pfeiffer, D.U., Lubroth, J., Ormel, H.J., Otto, P. and A. Patriarchi
2016 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations : 68p.
in Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Pigs;Poultry;Dairy;Beef;Sheep;
Age: Not stated;
Summary: The use of antimicrobial drugs leads to a relative increase in resistant bacteria, even though antimicrobial resistance is an old and naturally occurring phenomenon in bacteria. In intensive livestock production systems, resistant bacteria can spread easily between animals and this can be made worse if biosecurity is inadequate. Food is likely to be quantitatively the most important source of transmission from livestock to humans, although there is no direct link between rise of antimicrobial resistance in humans in relation to food consumption. In order to build successful solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance, is essential to understand what drives the spread of AMR in animal production.
The effect of extensive and organic farming systems and antimicrobial use on the rise and spread of AMR are discussed. However it is still not clear how sustainable agriculture systems can help fight AMR.
It is now accepted that increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria affecting humans and animals in recent decades is primarily influenced by an increase in usage of antimicrobials for a variety of purposes, including therapeutic and non-therapeutic uses in animal production. Antimicrobial resistance is an ancient and naturally occurring phenomenon in bacteria. But the use of antimicrobial drugs – in health care, agriculture or industrial settings – exerts a selection pressure which can favour the survival of resistant strains (or genes) over susceptible ones, leading to a relative increase in resistant bacteria within microbial communities.
In intensive livestock production systems, resistant bacteria can spread easily between animals and this can be exacerbated if biosecurity is inadequate.
In aquaculture, AMR can develop in aquatic and fish gut bacteria as a result of antimicrobial therapy or contamination of the aquatic environment with human or animal waste. The extent and persistence of antimicrobial residues in aquatic systems is unknown and current evidence is conflicting.
Food is likely to be quantitatively the most important potential transmission pathway from livestock to humans, although direct evidence linking AMR emergence in humans to food consumption is lacking.
An improved understanding of the epidemiology of AMR emergence and spread in animal production will provide an essential foundation for successful mitigation strategies.
The relationships between different types of farming systems and both AMU and the emergence and spread of AMR are discussed in this paper, including extensive and organic systems, but there is still a notable lack of knowledge on the role that sustainable agriculture systems can play in combatting AMR.
Most importantly, future research needs to involve an interdisciplinary (e.g. One Health) approach, integrating agricultural, medical, environmental and social sciences, and especially recognizing the importance of human behaviour. A set of specific recommendations to fill current knowledge gaps is presented in the final section of this technical paper.
98 Research report – Wall – 2016 – Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production
Where to find the original material:
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF2017002096;
Country: UK, IT

60 Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farm (Research paper; Trevisi, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Inflammatory response
Summary: A proper combination of herd data on opportunistic diseases and of farm-specific risk factors can lead to a substantial reduction of antibiotic usage in dairy farms. In this respect, the proper combination of clinical inspections, animal-based welfare parameters and predictive laboratory tests can give clues as to the environmental adaptation of dairy cows and define the animals at risk. The greater potential for disease control in the herd can justify the adoption of such a strategy on a sound cost/benefit basis.
60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528814000253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.001
Country: IT

60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms