57 Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Clinical mastitis; SCC; Bacteriological status
Summary: This study evaluated selective Dry Cow Therapy (DCT) in cows with low somatic cell count (SCC) at the last milk recording before drying off in various Dutch dairy herds. The incidence rate of Clinical Mastitis (CM) was found to be 1.7 times higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics as compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. S.uberis was the main bug causing CM in both udders with and without DCT. SCC at calving and 14 d in milk was significantly higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. Selective DCT significantly increased the incidence of CM and SCC. The decrease in ABU by drying off quarters without DCT was not compensated by an increase in ABU for treating CM. Total ABU related to mastitis was reduced by 85% in these quarters.
57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214002951; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7655
Country: NL

57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows

56 Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine (Research paper; Ungemach, 2006)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: To reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) and minimize the development of resistance, compulsory guidelines for responsible use were published in Germany in 2000. Key elements of the guidelines are the use of antibiotics on the basis of an exact diagnosis, choosing a product with a narrow spectrum of activity, high safety margin and good tissue penetration, avoidance of critically important antibiotics, and adherence to the datasheet (no underdosing or prolonged dosing). Any deviations from the guidelines must be justified and recorded. Monitoring of AMU as medicated feed in pig production indicated a change in prescribing after guideline introduction. AMU declined from 4255 kg before the guidelines to 1145 kg by 2002, resulting in a reduction in the treatment days/animal from 31.6 to 13.6 days. The use of chlortetracycline decreased from 76% of the total antibiotics prescribed to 14.7% at the end of the study. These results suggest the responsible AMU guidelines have been an important tool to reduce AMU.
56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422106000634; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.059
Country: DE

56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine

55 Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: A questionnaire to understand veterinary attitudes towards prescribing antibiotics found veterinarians working across species were comparable in their opinions towards the Dutch policy to halve veterinary antibiotic consumption. Less experienced veterinarians and those working with ruminants reported difficulty resisting farmers’ or colleagues’ demands for antibiotics compared with veterinarians working with pigs/poultry/veal. Contrastingly, more experience was associated with being less concerned about the contribution of veterinarians to antimicrobial resistance, considering it more important to keep the right to prescribe and sell antibiotics. The main perceived reasons for non-compliance with veterinary advice by farmers were related to finances and time, although pig/poultry/veal veterinarians highlighted conflicting advice from other advisors as a cause for non-compliance. This study suggests that less experienced veterinarians might require support to resist pressure from farmers/colleagues. Additionally, experienced veterinarians could be educated about overuse of antibiotics. Alternative approaches should be identified for veterinarians to preserve an income from advising and to prevent contradictory advice being a barrier.
55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300039; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.014
Country: NL

55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals

Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms: A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobials (Research paper; Dohmen, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Presence of ESBL-E. coli; antimicrobial use; cephalosporin use at the farm
Summary: This study determined prevalence of ESBL-E. coli on pig farms and the effect of reducing veterinary antimicrobial use (AMU) and farm management practices on ESBL-E. coli occurrence on pig farms. During 2011 and 2013, 36 Dutch conventional pig farms participated in a longitudinal study (4 sampling times in 18 months). The number of farms with ESBL-E. coli carrying pigs decreased from 16 to 10 and the prevalence of ESBL-E. coli-positive pig samples halved from 27% to 13%.
The presence of ESBL-E. coli carrying pigs was not related to total AMU, but it was strongly determined by the presence or absence of cephalosporin use at the farm. Other farm management factors, related with improved biosecurity, were less frequently seen in ESBL-E. coli-positive farms (e.g. presence of a hygiene lock, pest control delivered by a professional). In conclusion, ESBL-E. coli prevalence decreased in pigs during 2011 and 2013 in the Netherlands.
54 Research paper – Dohmen – 2017 – Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms_A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobial
Where to find the original material:
http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/359723/journal.pone.0174094.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174094
Country: NL

54 Research paper – Dohmen – 2017 – Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms_A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobial

50 Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: Veterinarians are responsible for prescribing and overseeing antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals. An understanding of veterinarians’ prescribing practices can help to design interventions to reduce AMU in farming. This Dutch study identified factors that influence farm veterinarian prescribing. Research interviews with eleven farm veterinarians were conducted and analysed. There were many conflicting interests identified regarding antimicrobial prescribing by veterinarians. A veterinarian’s professional obligation to reduce animal suffering, financial dependency on clients, risk avoidance, concerns about own skills, lack of farmers’ compliance to veterinary recommendations, public health interests and personal beliefs regarding their contribution to AMR, were found to be factors in antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of farm veterinarians. Interventions to change prescribing behaviour could address veterinary attitudes, advisory skills and provide tools to deal with (perceived) pressure from farmers to prescribe antimicrobials. Policy measures could support farm veterinarians to shift to a more independent animal health consultant role.
50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12168; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12168
Country: NL

50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study

41 Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands. The Dutch Success Model (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Decrease in the use of antimicrobials [defined doses per animal year (DDD/Y)]
Summary: Veterinary overuse of antimicrobials contributes to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance which poses a public health risk. A series of events and discoveries of significant reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant pathogens in the Netherlands resulted in a successful collaboration between government and stakeholders to reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals. Total use of antimicrobials in farm animals in the Netherlands decreased with 56% in the period 2007–2012. A combination of compulsory and voluntary measures and reduction goals resulted in this decrease.
41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12167; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12167
Country: NL

41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model

25 Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli: a cross sectional and ecological study ( Research paper; Afema, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives ; Prudent use AB

Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes
Summary: Based on feedback and interaction between study investigators, farm management and consulting veterinarians, a new policy was implemented to reduce antimicrobial use in calves. We investigated the effects of these policy changes in antimicrobial use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. In general, there was a declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes were implemented, except for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and gentamicin.
25 Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and ecological study by Afema, J.A., Davis, M.A. and W.M. Sischo 2019 BMC Microbiology 19: 217 (14p.)
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6
Country: US

25 Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and ecological study

18 Seges online course by Seges (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Agri-advisor ; Other

Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Digital courses (in Danish) relevant to employees in Danish milk cattle farming and pig production. Pig course is available in Danish, English, Ukrainian and Romanian, and designed to support the farmer in the training of employee.
18 Farm Innovation – Seges online course by Seges
Where to find the original material: (in Danisch)
https://www.seges.dk/akademi/onlinekurser;
Country: DK

18 Farm Innovation – Seges online course by Seges

8 Antimicrobial usage in pig production check improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (Research paper Postma 2016)

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8 Research paper
Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (A DISSERTATION) by Postma, M. 2016 Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU : 306p.
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; reduced costs on medicines; improved animal health and increased production
Summary: High antimicrobial usage (AMU) and the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlighted the need for reduced AMU in pig production. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production. The research involved 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden in 2012/2013. 1) Establish a consensus defined daily dose animal (DDDA) for each active substance (AS) and administration route for porcine veterinary antimicrobial (AM) products authorized in four European countries, thus allowing cross-country quantification and comparison of antimicrobial usage (AMU) data. All veterinary AM products authorized for porcine use in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were listed for each administration route. First, separate DDDAs for each product were defined based on the recommended dosing for the main indication. Second, a consensus DDDA was established by taking the mean of the DDDAs for each product within a certain category of AS plus administration route. Large variations were observed for dosage and treatment duration recommendations between products and between countries for the same ASs. Only 6.8% of feed/water and 29.4% of parenteral AS groups had the same recommended dosage in the four countries. Four major recommendations have been formulated: (i) urgent need for harmonization of authorization and recommended summary of product characteristics (SPC) dosages; (ii) expand the developed preliminary DDDA list to include all authorized veterinary medicinal products in all EU member states and for all (food-producing) animal species; (iii) improved accessibility of country-specific SPC data would be preferable; and (iv) statement of the ‘long-acting’ duration of a product in the SP. 2) Nineteen alternatives to antimicrobial (AM) agents were ranked on perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment (ROI) by 111 pig health experts from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis showed that veterinary practitioners rank internal biosecurity, vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality optimization and climate/environmental on average highest, while researchers and professors focused more on increased use of diagnostics and action plans. Financial incentives/penalties ranked low in all countries. Belgian respondents ranked feed quality significantly lower compared to the German respondents while reduction of stocking density was ranked higher in Belgium compared to Denmark. Further analysis showed veterinary practitioners
had a preference for more practical, common and already known alternatives. The results showed that improvements in biosecurity, increased use of vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality improvement and regular diagnostic testing combined with a clear action plan were perceived to be the most promising alternatives to AMs in industrial pig production based on combined effectiveness, feasibility and ROI. 3) This study aimed at assessing the levels of implementation of biosecurity measures in pig production in four European Union (EU) countries . A cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden between 2012-2013. The biosecurity status in each
of these herds was described and quantified by using the risk-based scoring tool Biocheck.UGent (www.biocheck.ugent.be). Production and management characteristics, obtained from the herd management system and by interviewing the farmer, were analysed for their association with the biosecurity level. The results showed that there was substantial room
for improvement in the biosecurity status on many pig farms. Significant differences (p<0.01) both in internal and external biosecurity levels were observed between countries. The external biosecurity status, combining all measures taken to prevent disease introduction into the herd, was highest in Germany and lowest in France. The number of pathogens vaccinated against was significantly associated with internal biosecurity status, suggesting an overall more preventive approach towards the risk of disease transmission. A
higher external biosecurity was associated with more weaned piglets per sow per year.

8 Research paper – Postma – 2016 – Antimicrobial usage in pig production_check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU

Where to find the original material:
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7222359;
Country: BE

 

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Check improve and reduce. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production.

7 Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters (Research paper, Postma et al., 2017)

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7 Research paper
Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters by Postma, M., Vanderhaeghen, W., Sarrazin, S., Maes, D., and J. Dewulf 2017 Zoonoses and public health 64: 63-74
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Decreased AMU; Improved animal health so less disease and increased production; reduced costs on medicines so economical savings
Summary: This study evaluated the extent to which antimicrobial use (AMU) could be reduced in pig production by focusing on herd health, disease prevention and AMU. Their research involved 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the visits, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status using the Biocheck.UGentTM tool, vaccinations, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and veterinarian/advisor during the visits. Significant improvements in biosecurity combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and responsible AMU was seen. There was a 52% reduction in AMU in pigs from birth – slaughter. Increased biosecurity and decreased AMU were combined with increased numbers of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort between farmer, veterinarians/advisors has shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production. Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGentTM risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year
(+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.
7 Research paper – Postma – 2017 – Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12283; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12283
Country: BE

 

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If combined, biosecurity principles, vaccination strategy, antihelmintic treatment and antimicrobial usage, along with a well-trained field team, the antimicrobial usage in general could be reduce and still obtain the set-out production parameters.