25 : Antimicrobial use policy change in pre-weaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. A cross sectional and ecological study (Research paper – Afema, 2019)

 

 

25 Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and e

25 : Research paper
Antimicrobial use policy change in pre-weaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli: a cross sectional and ecological study. Afema, J.A., Davis, M.A. and W.M. Sischo. 2019. BMC Microbiology 19: 217 (14p.)

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;

Summary:
Based on feedback and interaction between study investigators, farm management and consulting veterinarians, a new policy was implemented to reduce antimicrobial use in calves. We investigated the effects of these policy changes in antimicrobial use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. In general, there was a declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes were implemented, except for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and gentamicin.

25 : Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in pre-weaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and ecological study

Where to find the original material: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6

Country: US

442 – Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans (Research paper – Ma – 2020)

 

 

442 Research paper – Ma – 2020 – Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans

442 Research paper
Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans by Ma, F., Xu, S., Tang, Z., Li, Z., & Zhang, L. 2020 Biosafety and Health : 07-Jan
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Humans can acquire antimicrobial resistance from drugs through the food chain or the environment (contaminated water, air, soil, or manure). While antimicrobials have been regular supplements in animal feed that maintain health and improve productivity of livestock, their over-use in feeding forage has led to a rise in antibacterial resistance. This review summarizes the current use of antimicrobials in livestock, the harmful effects of antimicrobial resistance, and the comprehensive combat measures.
442 Research paper – Ma – 2020 – Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans
Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590053620301099?via%3Dihub; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.004
Country: CN

439 – Industrial food animal production antimicrobial resistance and human health (Research paper – Silbergeld – 2008)

 

 

439 Research paper – Silbergeld – 2008 – Industrial food animal production antimicrobial resistance and human health

439 Research paper
Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health by Silbergeld, E. K., Graham, J., & Price, L. B. 2008 Annual Review of Public Health 29: 151-169
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Food supply chain and markets
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
1. The use of antimicrobials as feed additives in food animal production is a major cause of increasing antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. This use accounts for much of total drug production and is increasing worldwide.2. Agricultural antimicrobial use results in the exposure of farmers, farm workers, rural communities, and the general public to antimicrobial resistant pathogens, as well as contamination of air, water, and soils near food animal production sites.3. For public health, the most significant impact of agricultural antimicrobial use is the expansion of reservoirs of resistance because these genes can be transferred widely among microbial communities.4. Reducing or banning agricultural antimicrobial use can reduce risks of antimicrobial resistance in the food supply.5. Disposal of animal waste is a major route of environmental contamination by antimicrobials and resistance determinants.6. Farmers and farm workers are at significantly increased risks of infection by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria; they may serve as entry points for the general community and transfers into health care settings
439 Research paper – Silbergeld – 2008 – Industrial food animal production antimicrobial resistance and human health
Where to find the original material: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904; 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904
Country: USA

208 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity (Research paper – Draghici – 2017)

 

 

208 Research paper – Draghici – 2017 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The concept of microbial resistance defines the ability of pathogens to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics. The resistant microorganisms are or become “tolerant” to antibiotics. The causes that led to this unprecedented situation are described here: releasing antimicrobials without prescription, unjustified prescription, failure to comply with the dosage, the use of antimicrobials with broad spectrum, prophylactic administration of antimicrobials, non-compliance with withdrawal periods after their administration to animals of economic interest, etc. The mechanisms of resistance occurrence are also described in this article: enzymatic inactivation, alteration or over-expression of the drug target, modification of metabolic pathways, reduced permeability or uptake, enhanced efflux. The role of International organizations such as OIE, WHO, FVO, HMA, EMA is also presented, along with a summary of the guidelines aiming to help national authorities of each state to develop its own strategies, leading to reducing the occurrence and spread of bacterial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-2-2017/;
Country: RO

164 EPRUMA Best-practice framework for the use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals in the EU – Reaching for the next level by EPRUMA (Tools & Checklists)

 

 

164 ToolsChecklists – EPRUMA Best-practice framework for the use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals in the EU – Reaching for the next level by EPRUMA – European Platform for the Res

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age:
Summary:
EPRUMA best practice guidelines for the use of antibiotics combines a holistic and specific approach to facilitate the further optimisation of animal health at specific sector level and at individual farm level. The main objective of this combined approach is to reach the highest achievable level of animal health by determining, working towards and maintaining an optimal balance between different elements that may have an impact on animal health, e.g. nutrition, housing, etc. Tailoring to the local situation of an individual farm and final implementation are the shared responsibility of the farm owner/animal caretaker and other professional visitors to the farm, such as veterinarians, feed and husbandry experts, and biosecurity specialists. Efforts made by the farmer and these professional consultants, supported by all other stakeholders, will result in an optimal level of animal health and welfare. The document also includes decision tree for the responsible use of veterinary antibiotics.

Where to find the original material: https://www.epruma.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EPRUMAABNextlevel-Englis.pdf;
Country: EU;

139 Chicken and Antibiotics – Let’s Chat About The Facts by Chicken Farmers of Canada (Industry Innovation)

 

 

139 Industry Innovation – Chicken and Antibiotics – Let’s Chat About The Facts by Chicken Farmers of Canada

Significant Interest Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Food supply chain and markets
Species targeted: Poultry;
Summary:
There has been a lot in the news recently about antibiotic use in Canada’s food. More and more restaurants, processors, and retailers are offering more and more choices to Canadians when making their meal decisions. While antibiotics are an important part of modern human and animal medicine, it is critical that they are used RESPONSIBLY. In response, Chicken Farmers of Canada have produced this infographic which describes their antimicrobial use (AMU) strategy to demonstrate responsible use and to reduce use where possible. The Canadian chicken industry have eliminated the preventative use of Category I antibiotics in 2014 and since then, the industry is no longer permitted to use them. Now, they are analysing antimicrobial resistance data, reviewing best management practices, ensuring effective controls of antibiotic use across Canadian farms, educating stakeholders, and researching and sourcing alternative products.

Where to find the original material: https://www.chickenfarmers.ca/resources/chicken-and-antibiotics-lets-chat-about-the-facts/;
Country: CA

118 FAAST- Farmed Animal Antimicorbial Stewardship Veterinary Reference Manual by ACER Consulting and Ontario Veterinary Medical Association ( Industry Innovation)

 

 

118 Industry Innovation – FAAST- Farmed Animal Antimicorbial Stewardship Veterinary Reference Manual by ACER Consulting and Ontario Veterinary Medical Association

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary:

The Canadian government has developed a One Health strategy to address AMR across the country. Veterinarians are key to antimicrobial stewardship and are advised to use the 5 Rs: Responsibility Reduction Refinement Replacement Review There have been several policy changes in Canada in recent years (2018-2019) pertaining to the prescription and purchasing of antimicrobials due to the ease in which some antimicrobials were available without a prescription for purchase by animal owners. Animal owners will no longer be able to import medication for use on their own animals and they will need to purchase antimicrobials from a veterinarian/pharmacy/feed mill within Canada. Additionally, a valid VCPR (Vet-Client-Patient-Relationship) must be established prior to a veterinarian providing services to a client/their animal. Health Canada is also increasing its oversight of medically important antimicrobial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) for veterinary use, including their import/manufacture/distribution. The federal changes now require all importers/ manufacturers etc. of APIs for veterinary use to obtain a license, comply with industry guidelines and report sales to Government annually. Furthermore, there will no longer be growth promotion claims on drug products containing medically important antimicrobials (MIAs).

www.amstewardship.ca;

Country: CA

68 The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands (Research paper; Lam, 2017)

 

 

Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Not stated;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antibiotic Use; DDDAF; ‘antibiotic number’
Summary: To decrease antibiotic usage sustainably, it was considered crucial to change the mindset. Based on models from social psychology, the RESET Mindset Model was used. Several actions (both voluntary and compulsory) were taken to decrease antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. An independent veterinary medicine authority and a national database on antibiotic usage was developed (MediRund), which enabled transparency and benchmarking on antibiotic usage. This was done together with other activities, such as herd health and treatment plans, selective dry cow therapy, and the strong limitation on the use of critically important antibiotics. As a result, antibiotic usage at the herd level, referred to as the ‘antibiotic number’, became an important and socially accepted herd level parameter.
Antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands decreased significantly by intense cooperation between the most important stakeholders in the dairy industry, taking communication seriously and applying the RESET Mindset Model.
68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x
Country: NL

68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands

53 Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy farms

Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd-level prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli
Summary: This study estimated the herd-level prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, specifically ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli among Dutch dairy farms. No association was found between the total AMU and the ESBL/AmpC herd status. The use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, however, was associated with an increased odds of having a positive ESBL/AmpC herd status and seems important in reducing ESBL/AmpC. Four other management factors were also found to be associated with the ESBL/AmpC status of dairy herds: treatment of all cases of clinical mastitis with antimicrobials, a higher proportion of calves treated with antimicrobials, not applying teat sealants in all cows at dry off, and the use of a floor scraper (which is probably not a true risk factor). Also ESBL/AmpC could frequently be cultured from slurry samples collected from Dutch dairy farms.
53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030216306257; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11134
Country: NL

53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy

41 Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands. The Dutch Success Model (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

 

 

Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Decrease in the use of antimicrobials [defined doses per animal year (DDD/Y)]
Summary: Veterinary overuse of antimicrobials contributes to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance which poses a public health risk. A series of events and discoveries of significant reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant pathogens in the Netherlands resulted in a successful collaboration between government and stakeholders to reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals. Total use of antimicrobials in farm animals in the Netherlands decreased with 56% in the period 2007–2012. A combination of compulsory and voluntary measures and reduction goals resulted in this decrease.
41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12167; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12167
Country: NL

41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model