264 – Obstacles and incentives for broiler farmers to set up preventive measures against the avian colibacillosis (Research paper – Gery-Choquet – 2019)

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264 Research paper – Gery-Choquet – 2019 – Obstacles and incentives for broiler farmers to set up preventive measures against the avian colibacillosis

In Significant Impact Groups: Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals; Targeted use of antibiotics; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
In a context of antibiotic restraint, colibacillosis prevention in chicken farms should be maximized. This disease is commonly treated with antibiotics. Understanding the psychological and social context in which farmers operate can have an impact management of avian. With that purpose, a first survey (qualitative study) was carried out involving 14 chicken conventional production farmers. Afterwards, 75 western France farmers of replied to quantitative questionnaire based on results from the previous survey. The survey revealed that 85% of farmers had insufficient knowledge about colibacillosis. The major incentives to prevent the avian colibacillosis were the desire to improve farm income and to reduce antibiotic use. Statistical analysis showed five farmers profiles. Advice should be adapted according to these profiles : «experimented little motivated farmers», «young and independent farmers», «farmers with others priorities», «motivated with small chicken house farmers» and «risk taker farmers».

Where to find the original material: https://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/freins-et-motivations-des-eleveurs-de-poulets-mettre-en-place-des-mesures-preventives-contre;
Country: FR

201 – Evaluation of antibiotic residue incidence in dairy milk and correlation with various milk quality parameters (Research paper – Saraz – 2017)

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201 Research paper – Saraz – 2017 – Evaluation of antibiotic residue incidence in dairy milk and correlation with various milk quality parameters

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Summary:
The aim of this paper was to determine the presence or absence of antibiotic residues in dairy milk, to assess the most frequently encountered antibiotic classes and to establish a correlation between positive samples and various milk quality parameters: the somatic cell count (SCC), the total number of germs (TNG) as well as protein, fat and lactose in the samples included in the study. The research was carried out on a total number of 360 samples between 2016 and 2017 (10 samples of milk were taken each month from the three farms included in our experiments -farm A, farm B, farm C. The main classes of identified antibiotics were: fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones. In 11 samples, the presence of antibiotic residues was detected above the maximum admissible limit. In positive samples, the number of somatic cells as well as the total number of germs increased.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-4-2017/;
Country: RO

188 Contribution of sociology to the study of the decrease of antimicrobial use on farms (Research paper – Ducrot, 2018)

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188 Research paper – Ducrot – 2018 – Contribution of sociology to the study of the decrease of antimicrobial use on farms

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The implementation of the EcoAntibio plan aimed at reducing the risks of antibiotic resistance has led to a strong mobilization of the various partners in the cattle breeding and agricultural profession in the cattle industry. Actions have been carried out at different scales and research work conducted, particularly in the human and social sciences. In addition to possible technical actions, social, psychological and economic factors influence decisions to prescribe and administer antibiotics. This article provides an overview of the work that is investigating the role of these factors in the choice to reduce antibiotic use in livestock production, at the level of the farmer, in his relationship with the veterinarian and livestock advisors, and more broadly in its professional and economic environment.

Where to find the original material: https://productions-animales.org/article/view/2395; https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2018.31.4.2395
Country: FR: CA; US

185 Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns infarrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium France Germany and Sweden (Research paper – Sjolund, 2016)

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185 Research paper – Sjolund – 2016 – Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns infarrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium France Germany and Sweden

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial usage for pigs by age category, antimicrobial class and administration route for farrow-to-finish herds in four EU countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. The Swedish herds had the lowest and the German herds the highest overall use. Most treatments were applied to weaned piglets except in the Swedish herds (with more frequent treatment of suckling piglets). Antimicrobials were most often applied through feed or water except in the Swedish herds where parenteral treatments were most frequent. Aminopenicillins was the antimicrobial class most commonly used. Belgian herd use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins was higher compared to the other countries. In summary, there were large differences in antimicrobial use for pigs between countries, herds and age groups in farrow-to-finish herds of similar size.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435645; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.06.003
Country: BE; SE; FR; DE; CH

180 Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic (Industry Innovation)

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180 Industry Innovation – Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary:
The 8th ESVAC report presents data on the sales of veterinary antimicrobials from 30 European countries in 2016. The report describes changes in consumption of veterinary antimicrobials for the years 2010-2016 and focuses on the changes across time in each country. Explanations for the possible reasons for the changes in the various ESVAC participating countries have been provided. The Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group (AMEG) categories take into account the World Health Organization (WHO) categorisation of antimicrobials, the consumption of those antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, the hazards of zoonotic relevance in Europe and the risk of resistance transfer to humans. Category 2 of the AMEG categorisation includes those veterinary antimicrobials where the risk for public health is estimated to be higher than other classes of antimicrobials – fluoroquinolones, 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Macrolides are not included in Category 2 and a revision of the classification of AMEG is currently ongoing.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-30-european-countries-2016-trends-2010-2016-eighth-esvac_en.pdf;
Country: EU

125 Dairy farmers’ perspectives on antibiotic use – A qualitative study (Research paper; Fischer, 2019)

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125 Research paper – Fischer – 2019 – Dairy farmers’ perspectives on antibiotic use_ A qualitative study

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary: An important step in limiting the development of antibiotic resistance is reducing use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Farmers’ practices and reasoning around their antibiotic use do not reflect solely that farmer as an individual, and are guided by context (e.g., veterinary advice, peer pressure, regulation, and interactions with farm animals). This paper draws on the concept of the “good farmer,” to interpret findings from a study of Swedish dairy farms. Despite comparatively strict antibiotic use regulations in Sweden, the farmers do not report lack of access to antibiotics when needed. Structural limitations faced by farmers, rather than lack of information, impose constraints to further limiting antibiotic use in Sweden. Overall stricter and more uniform global regulations on antibiotic use in animal farming could be an effective measure for reducing antibiotic use.
Where to find the original material:

https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0022-0302%2819%2930006-2; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15015

Country: Sweden

Effective water vaccination: the importance of water quality

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Good vaccination schemes are an important part of good farm management. Vaccination prevents diseases (and secondary bacterial infections) and thus antibiotic use. Many live vaccines can be administered via the drinking water, whereas some need to be injected. Drinking water vaccination is very practical, but the efficacy is highly influenced by the water quality/composition. These important points concerning the drinking water should be kept in mind at all times:

Use water of high quality! Unwanted components can interfere with the vaccine. Unpalatable water can be detrimental because of lower water uptake. Check the DISARM Best Practice Guide for water quality for more information on how to evaluate and remediate water quality.

At least 48h before vaccination: cease all water treatments. In case of live bacterial vaccines (e.g., Salmonella, Mycoplasma): stop antibiotic treatments at least 7 days before AND after vaccination.

Flush the pipes thoroughly to remove all residues of cleaning and disinfection products. This is essential to avoid inactivation of the vaccine.

Add a water stabilizer that binds substances such as chlorine in tap water to avoid vaccine inactivation.

Check the DISARM best practice guide for vaccination protocols for more information on effective vaccination practices.

Source: N. Sleeckx, Drinkwatermedicatie, Proefbedrijf pluimveehouderij vzw, 2014.

501 No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management (Industry Innovation)

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Industry Innovation

No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management by Peter McKenzie

In Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health; Feed additives and supplements

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): more good live pigs; more heavier pigs 4 weeks post weaning

Summary: In this paper McKenzie shares his journey with the impact of E.coli on pig management – eventually without antibiotic and zinc oxide use.

After years of veterinary practice, he came to the following regime that results in more good live pigs and heavier pigs at 4 weeks post weaning with minimal or zero injectable antibiotic and no need for zinc oxide:

  • Attention to detail
  • All-in-all-out and hygiene
  • Quality weaner diet consisting of
    o Less than 18.5% protein;
    o European programme of coated butyric, formic and citric acid and Baccilus PB6
    o Korean programme of Algal immune stimulant.

The programme is usually cheaper than Zinc plus some antibiotics. Some farmers have been on the programme for over a year with success. Remove ZnO gently – if management is not as good as expected, and you have a very pathogenic E. coli, then E.coli may triumph over lack of ZnO.

Country: AU (Australia)

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Bring out slurry and manure – but avoid spreading of pathogens

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Slurry and manure can contain pathogens. To avoid spreading of infectious diseases between farms or spreading of pathogens around your farm it is important to take precautions.
First, get an overview of the overall logistic – where are the traffic routes on the farm. Pay special attention to routes for transport of slurry and manure. Avoid using the same routes for the feeding trucks, both inside and outside. Always keep a good safety distance to the feed.

Sometimes the slurry tank or lagoon is placed in a way that the slurry tanker must cross the same route the feeding truck uses. In these cases, have a plan for cleaning up these crossings and make sure it is done. This is a way to minimize the risk of spreading pathogens.

When handling slurry and manure keep distance to the stables and animals to prevent exposing animals to pathogens.

The most optimal route for safe transport of slurry and manure might be a little longer, but it is worth it compared to the consequences of spreading diseases in your herd.

Avoid spill when filling the tanker and under transport of slurry and manure. When spillage occur, there is a risk that pathogens can be spread around the herd via footwear and vehicle tires contaminated with slurry or manure. Therefore, be careful when handling slurry and manure and implement good routines for fast cleaning when spillage accidentally occurs.

Slurry contaminated vehicles and equipment can also spread diseases between farms. Make sure that only clean and disinfected equipment enter your farm. If the vehicle and equipment is washed and disinfected on your premises, then do it in a place where washing water do not get close to stables, animals or feed. Spreading pathogens with aerosols during washing with high pressure is a serious hazard. Make sure that aerosols do not enter stables or feed.

Antibiotics alternatives: Plant extracts, spices and essential oils

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The use of extracts of plants, phytobiotics and essential oils is mainly due to their effect on the intestinal function since among the therapeutic properties that they can have, the following stand out: antiseptic, bactericidal, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, carminative, euphotic.

One of the most interesting functions is the bactericide. Although in practice satisfactory results are obtained, its mechanism of action is still not completely known, although it could be due to the pressure, they exert on the cell membrane of the bacteria, giving rise to imbalances that compromise the osmotic balance and can eventually destroy the bacteria.

One of the characteristics of plant oils and extracts is the synergy with other organic products commonly used in animal feed. On the other hand, research is being carried out on their positive effect on improving digestive secretions and enzyme functioning at the intestinal level and hepatic.

Most of these combinations of phytobiotics and essential oils are marketed for their organoleptic properties in the functional group of ‘flavourings’ defined by Regulation (EC) No 831/2003 for use in animal nutrition as ‘substances whose addition to feed increases flavour or palatability’.

These products are not yet authorised for health or zootechnical purposes as further research is needed into their mechanism of action, optimal use rate, efficacy, repeatability of results and safety. In the case of use at inadequate doses they can present toxicity, although the toxicity is lower than natural extracts and essential oils if they are not purified.