72 Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms (Research paper; Taverne, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial consumption
Summary: International comparison is necessary to establish regulations on veterinary antimicrobial use and reducing antimicrobial resistance. Our study revealed interesting differences in outcomes on antimicrobial consumption in pigs following the use of different animal defined daily dosages. Differences in outcomes in an animal species can be attributed to the applied animal defined daily dosage due to differences in authorized indications and dosages, but can also be a result of differences in prescription patterns between farm types at the level of therapeutic groups or even specific antimicrobials within those groups, next to the differences in animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights. This study underlines the urgent need for international harmonized units of measurement applicable in monitoring systems for antimicrobial use in livestock, such as generic animal defined daily dosages. But also harmonized animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights for all animal species included in monitoring programs should be established.
72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7
Country: NL

72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms

70 Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming: The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour (Research paper; Jansen, 2009)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); clinical mastitis incidence; combined clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence
Summary: This study shows that mastitis incidence can be explained by farmers’ attitudes and self-reported (to a certain extent), specially farmers’ attitudes. In particular, the perceived feeling of control, the perceived effect of the average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) penalty level and the normative frame of reference are important in explaining the variation in mastitis incidence. Furthermore, the results suggest that BMSCC levels are better explained by attitudes and self-reported behaviour than actual clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence. It can be concluded that farmers’ attitudes are a better measure to explain differences in mastitis incidence between farms than farmers’ self-reported behavior. Therefore farmers’ attitudes should be taken into account in future research and animal health promotion. This study, therefore, provides an important investigation into the social processes applicable to mastitis incidence and emphasis on the need for effective communication strategies in mastitis control programs.
70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587709002451; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.015
Country: NL

70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour

68 The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands (Research paper; Lam, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Not stated;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antibiotic Use; DDDAF; ‘antibiotic number’
Summary: To decrease antibiotic usage sustainably, it was considered crucial to change the mindset. Based on models from social psychology, the RESET Mindset Model was used. Several actions (both voluntary and compulsory) were taken to decrease antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. An independent veterinary medicine authority and a national database on antibiotic usage was developed (MediRund), which enabled transparency and benchmarking on antibiotic usage. This was done together with other activities, such as herd health and treatment plans, selective dry cow therapy, and the strong limitation on the use of critically important antibiotics. As a result, antibiotic usage at the herd level, referred to as the ‘antibiotic number’, became an important and socially accepted herd level parameter.
Antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands decreased significantly by intense cooperation between the most important stakeholders in the dairy industry, taking communication seriously and applying the RESET Mindset Model.
68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x
Country: NL

68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands

67 Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds (Research paper; Heuvelink, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL/AmpC-EC)
Summary: Between 2011 and 2013, the period during which the use of 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was minimized, the between-herd prevalence of resistant E. coli expressing ESBL/AmpC-genes in Dutch dairy herds declined significantly. Calves were found to have both, a much higher individual animal prevalence and a higher level of shedding than young stock and cows. The most sensitive approach to find ESBL/AmpC positive E. coli in Dutch dairy herds is through collecting samples from individual young calves.
67 Research paper – Heuvelink – 2019 – Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC B-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113518313993; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.005
Country: NL

67 Research paper – Heuvelink – 2019 – Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC B-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds

65 Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012 (Research paper; Kuipers, 2012)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Animal-Defined Daily Dosages (ADDD)
Summary: The indicator animal-defined daily dosages (ADDD) was used to evaluate antibiotic use for 3 farmer groups and 6 treatment categories. Large variation in antibiotic use was found between herds, and variation in use among herds decreased during the study period. Reducing antibiotic use and the variation in use were related to changes in management practices, which can enhance drug use awareness. Managing udder health is the main reason for antibiotic use, justifying as 68% of all ADDD. A reduction in use was achieved by reducing daily dosages used as other treatments. A reduction in use for the treatment of mastitis was also noted, but farmers were hesitant to reduce dry-cow therapy. Restrictions on third-choice drugs were successful in minimizing their use, with a shift to increased use of penicillin and certain broad-spectrum drugs. Both lower veterinary costs per cow and antibiotic use decreased in recent years, according to this study.
65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030215009054; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8428
Country: NL

65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012

64 Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs, Veal Calves, and Broilers in The Netherlands: Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of Data in 2011 (Research paper; Bos, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y); treatment days per year
Summary: Since 2011, the consumption of veterinary antimicrobial has been recorded in The Netherlands. These data are used to define benchmark indicators for veterinary consumption of antimicrobials. This paper presents the results of sector wide consumption of antimicrobials, for all pig, veal calf, and broiler farms. Data were used to calculate animal defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y) per pig or veal calf farm. For broiler farms, number of animal treatment days per year was calculated. Furthermore, data were used to calculate the consumption of specific antimicrobial classes per administration route per pig or veal calf farm. The distribution of antimicrobial consumption per farm varied greatly within and between farm categories. The insights obtained from the results of this study, and the full transparency obtained by monitoring antimicrobial consumption per farm, will help reduce antimicrobial consumption and help create implementation of antimicrobial stewardship.
64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804574/; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077525
Country: NL

64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of

63 Farmers’ attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Adoption of Selective Dry Cow Therapy
Summary: Until recently, blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) has been the norm, and therefore the change to Selective DCT (SDCT) was expected to be a challenge for farmers. This study investigated how many farmers were doing SDCT in 2013 in the Netherlands and what they thought about it, the methods used to select cows for SDCT and the relationship between SDCT, mastitis and antimicrobial usage (AMU). SDCT was adopted by ~75% of study farms. Results showed that 4 factors related to farmers’ mindset were associated with the likelihood to adopt SDCT: costs of SDCT, uncertainty over recovery without antibiotics, lack of concern about potential negative consequences and use of internal teat sealants. The study found farmers were generally positive about reducing AMU. Application of SDCT appeared to be associated with farmers’ attitude towards it.
63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30462-3/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11349
Country: NL

63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy

59 Veterinarians’ attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced sales of Antimicrobials; shift in income to advisory services
Summary: In a questionnaire study to evaluate potential associations between veterinarians’ attitudes toward AMU and Selective DCT, they found the general attitude of Dutch dairy veterinarians toward reduction of AMU and SDCT was positive. Most expressed the belief that they can still be a ‘good’ veterinarian when they prescribe less antimicrobials. Veterinarians indicated they progressively promoted SDCT at the start of 2013. Results showed that veterinarians with a favourable attitude mentioned positive aspects of SDCT, such as an increased awareness of AMU amongst farmers, improving animal health, reducing AMR, and a chance to add value for the farmer, more often than other veterinarians with a less favourable view. The unfavourable group indicated negative aspects of SDCT more often, such as a higher risk of sick cows and feeling pressured to follow the rules. Given the influence veterinarians have on the attitudes of farmers and the variability in their own attitudes, veterinarians need specific attention if programs to encourage responsible AMU and SDCT amongst farmers are to work.
59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)30276-5/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13591
Country: NL

59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands

58 Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health, antimicrobial usage, and economics (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder Health; antimicrobial use; herd economics
Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate udder health, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and herd economics during the dry period and the first 100 d of lactation when using 8 varying scenarios for selecting cows for DCT, including a blanket DCT (BDCT) scenario. Clinical mastitis (CM) in the study herd varied from 11.6 to 14.5 cases per 10,000 cow-days at risk in the different scenarios, and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis varied from 38.8% in scenario 1 (BDCT) to 48.3% in scenario 8. Total AMU varied over the scenarios from 1.27 (scenario 8) to 3.15 (BDCT, scenario 1) Animal Daily Doses, leading to a 60% reduction in AMU for scenario 8 compared with BDCT. The total costs for each of the scenarios showed little variation. The effect of selective DCT on udder health, AMU and herd economics was influenced by SCC used to select cows. The greatest reduction in AMU was achieved under scenario 8.
58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30007-8/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9963
Country: NL

58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics

57 Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Clinical mastitis; SCC; Bacteriological status
Summary: This study evaluated selective Dry Cow Therapy (DCT) in cows with low somatic cell count (SCC) at the last milk recording before drying off in various Dutch dairy herds. The incidence rate of Clinical Mastitis (CM) was found to be 1.7 times higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics as compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. S.uberis was the main bug causing CM in both udders with and without DCT. SCC at calving and 14 d in milk was significantly higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. Selective DCT significantly increased the incidence of CM and SCC. The decrease in ABU by drying off quarters without DCT was not compensated by an increase in ABU for treating CM. Total ABU related to mastitis was reduced by 85% in these quarters.
57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214002951; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7655
Country: NL

57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows