122 A survey of visitors on Swedish livestock farms with reference to the spread of animal diseases (Research paper; Noremark, 2013)

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122 Research paper – Noremark – 2013 – A survey of visitors on Swedish livestock farms with reference to the spread of animal diseases

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: Visitors may contribute to the spread of contagious animal diseases, and knowledge about such contacts is essential for contingency planning. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and types of visitors on farms with cloven-hoofed animals in Sweden and to analyse whether there were differences in the number of visitors attributable to region, season, and type of herd. Veterinarians, AI-technicians, animal transporters and neighbours were often in direct contact with the animals or entered the stables and 8.8% of the repairmen were also in direct contact with animals, which was unexpected. The Swedish livestock farms survey concluded that the number of visitors that may be more likely to spread diseases between farms was associated with animal species and herd size.
Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848732/; https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-184
Country: Sweden

 

121 Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food Animals in Canada_ Progress on Recommendations and Stakeholder Activities by National Farmed Animal Health and Welfare Council (Industry Innovation)

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121 Industry Innovation – Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food Animals in Canada_ Progress on Recommendations and Stakeholder Activities by National Farmed Animal Health and Welfare Council

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary: This report details the collaborative and joined up approach to the challenge of AMR and the support needed for the continuous development of antimicrobial stewardship in food production in Canada. This 2019 update reflects on the Canadian One Health strategy based around the pillars of Surveillance, Infection prevention and control, Stewardship and Research & Innovation and evaluates what progress has been made against the recommendations. The Council has galvanised many parts of the industry to act within their sectors as well as respond to changing policy around the manufacture, import, purchase and licensing of certain drugs. The report goes into detail about how each recommendation has been acted upon and the developments within each region of Canada.
Where to find the original material:

https://www.amstewardship.ca/antimicrobial-stewardship-in-food-animals-in-canada-progress-on-recommendations-and-stakeholder-activities/
Country: CA

120 Milk & Dairy Beef Drug Residue Prevention Reference Manual USA by National Milk Producers Federation (Tools & Checklists)

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120 ToolsChecklists – Milk & Dairy Beef Drug Residue Prevention Reference Manual USA by National Milk Producers Federation

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Summary:
This manual contains all you need to know about administering, recording and storing drugs on farms in the US. It includes an 8-step plan for keeping useful medicine records, comprehensive drug residue testing protocols and lists of licensed drugs (for in the USA) with withdrawal periods. Additionally, there are top tips that producers can take to lessen the chances of antibiotic residues as well as checklists for when treating animals e.g. read the product label and consult your veterinarian before administering, use a clean injection site and a sterile needle for all injections, discard milk from all four quarters even when treating only one quarter with an IM tube, make certain that any procedure used to divert milk from treated cows cannot accidentally send contaminated milk into the pipeline, train employees on proper injection technique and do not go back into the vaccine bottle with a needle once it has been used for anything else.

https://nationaldairyfarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DRM2019-Web
Country: USA;

119 The 2017 National Dairy FARM Animal Care Reference Manual by National Milk Producers Federation (Tools & Checklists)

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119 ToolsChecklists – The 2017 National Dairy FARM Animal Care Reference Manual by National Milk Producers Federation

In Significant Impact Groups: Other
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef;
Summary:
The FARM Program, began in 2009, helps build and maintain consumer trust, demonstrating that dairy farmers share consumer values and are committed to quality animal care. The Animal Care Manual lays out best practice guidelines for farmers to follow in the voluntary scheme. External audits are completed on every participating farm every 3 years or more, which reviews their animal care practices. Continuous Improvement Plans are developed by the farmers and the auditors, which identify areas of improvement. The manual includes:
• Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship documentation signed by the farm managers and Veterinarian • Documentation on training of all employees with animal care responsibilities and written protocols for various aspects of animal care on the dairy.
• Guidelines on colostrum management and care of milk-fed calves. • Guidelines on water, feed, nutritional and space requirements • Guidelines for Herd Health Planning with targets for measuring and monitoring herd health. • Protocols for handling, movement, transportation of animals, dairy beef, injured and non-ambulatory animals.

https://nationaldairyfarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Version-3-Manual-1.pdf
Country: USA;

117 Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA (Tools & Checklists)

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117 ToolsChecklists – Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Summary:

Infection status is a key factor to consider when deciding on your treatment thresholds for selective dry cow therapy. An elevated somatic cell count (>200,000 cells per ml) is considered an infection and more than one SCC should be used to determine infection status. Using SCC as a guide along with examination of the udder/teats for any abnormal changes should give an indicator of infection status. For practical purposes, cows should have had no recent clinical cases of mastitis (i.e. in the last lactation) and the last 3 somatic cell counts for that lactation should have been <200,000 cells per ml if internal teat sealant is to be used alone. Other recognised tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis may also be used e.g. conductivity. Finally, whatever product is used at drying off, an aseptic technique is essential.
117 ToolsChecklists – Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA

https://www.ruma.org.uk/cattle/responsible-use-of-antimicrobials-in-dry-cow-management/

Country: United Kingdom;

116 Information note on antibiotic resistance and the responsible use of antibiotics in farm animals by RUMA (Industry Innovation)

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116 Industry Innovation – INFORMATION NOTE ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND THE RESPONSIBLE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN FARM ANIMALS by RUMA

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary:
The Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance (RUMA) is an alliance of over 26 industry organisations representing every stage of food production from “farm to fork”. See www.ruma.org.uk/about/ruma-members for full list of current member organisations. RUMA aims to promote a co-ordinated and integrated approach to best practice in the use of medicines for farm animals. RUMA provides free guidance to farmers and vets on the responsible and effective use of medicines in agriculture. Responsible use of antibiotics on farms means using antibiotics as little as possible and as much as necessary. Regardless of the farming system, the focus for improved animal husbandry should include improved biosecurity practices and on-going vet and farmer training on disease prevention and the responsible use of antibiotics.

https://www.ruma.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/RUMA-NOTE-ON-AMR-AND-THE-RESPONSIBLE-USE-OF-ANTIBIOTICS-IN-FARM-ANIMALS-Final-updated-130420-1;
Country: UK

115 Avoiding Milk Antibiotic Residues by British Veterinary Cattle Association (Tools & Checklists)

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115 ToolsChecklists – Avoiding Milk Antibiotic Residues by British Veterinary Cattle Association

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;

Summary: This practical guide to avoiding milk antibiotic residues is available via a poster from the BCVA (British Cattle Veterinary Association), with pointers on how dairy farmers can make sure their milk always meets the stringent antibiotic residues standards.
Unless advised by your veterinary surgeon, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the correct number of treatments, between treatments and withholding time. If in doubt, consult your veterinary surgeon, who may recommend the use of an antibiotic residue test.
You must ensure milk is clear of antibiotics and this is part of your milk contract. Follow data sheet and vet advice on all treatments. If you vary treatment (combinations of products, or vary dose, frequency or prolong treatment) this can affect withdrawal times. A minimum 7-day milk withdrawal must be applied and the milk tested before being put in the tank.

https://www.bva.co.uk/take-action/our-policies/anthelmintic-resistance-and-responsible-use-in-livestock/
Country: United Kingdom

114 Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock by British Vet Association (Industry Innovation)

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114 Industry Innovation – Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock by British Vet Association

114 Industry Innovation
Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock
by British Vet Association
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: Anthelmintics must be used responsibly as part of a farm-specific strategic anthelmintic plan. All prescribers of Anthelmintics (to include Vets and Suitably Qualified Persons) should:• use diagnostic information for each parasite risk period to ensure treatment of only those animals that need it• target the drug used to the parasite to be treated• treat based on actual body weight• understand the interplay of other host species and intermediate host species• advise that newly treated animals should not be moved immediately onto clean pasture• explain and emphasise the importance of quarantining incoming animals, assessing their parasite burden, faecal worm egg counts, and response to treatment• investigate suspected cases of resistance and advise on the selection of alternatives from other classes of anthelmintic drugs• report suspected cases of lack of efficacy to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate• encourage holistic and integrated preventive strategies.

https://www.bva.co.uk/take-action/our-policies/anthelmintic-resistance-and-responsible-use-in-livestock
Country: UK

113 Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals by CVO (Industry Innovation)

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113 Industry Innovation – Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals by CVO

113 Industry Innovation
Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals
by CVO
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species
Summary: The authority to prescribe drugs is a privilege that is afforded to few professions. The increase in antimicrobial resistance has placed an even higher societal duty on the veterinary profession to act as stewards with respect to the prudent and responsible use of antimicrobial drugs. Every veterinarian has a valuable role to play in the effort to combat antimicrobial resistance and to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and their availability for both veterinary and human use. As part of good stewardship, the College Veterinarians in Ontario expects a veterinarian to assume an active leadership role by ensuring his or her understanding of the need for antimicrobial oversight, the existing government directives, the evolving science related to pharmaceuticals, and the most appropriate current use of antimicrobial drugs with a specific species. A veterinarian must only prescribe antimicrobial drugs within a veterinarian-client-patient relationship and where strong clinical evidence demonstrates medical need.

https://cvo.org/CVO/media/College-of-Veterinarians-of-Ontario/Resources%20and%20Publications/Position%20Statements%20and%20Guidelines/AMRPositionStatement.pdf;

Country: CA

112 Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract (Research paper; Catry, 2016)

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112 Research paper – Catry – 2016 – Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract

112 Research paper
Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract
by Catry, B., Dewulf, J., Maes, D., Pardon, B., Callens, B., Vanrobaeys, M., Opsomer, G., de Kruif, A. and F. Haesebrouck. 2016 PLOS ONE 11: e0146488 (16p.)
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The relationship between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in cattle was investigated in this study. Three types of production system were investigated for 2 years, for a total of 25 herds: 10 dairy, 10 beef, and 5 veal herds. Two different types of bacteria were sampled for the monitoring of intestinal and nasal resistance. The use of antimicrobials was recorded on 15 of these farms (5 of each production type). Antimicrobial resistance rates for 12 antimicrobial agents demonstrated large differences between intensively reared veal calves and more extensively reared dairy and beef cattle. Data analysis showed a strong relation between intensity of antimicrobial use and increased resistance. Antimicrobials given in orally in low doses and antimicrobials used preventively as group medication promoted the rise of multi-drug resistance in bacteria from the digestive and respiratory system.

Country: BE