218 – Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden – Measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance (Research paper – Noremark – 2011)

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218 Research paper – Noremark – 2011 – Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden_ measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
Registration of cattle and pig movements is mandatory in Sweden and all registered movements between farms in the years 2006-2008 were investigated. The networks were analysed as monthly and yearly networks, separately per species and with the two species together. Many farms had few or no contacts, while others had many, a pattern which has also been described from other countries. The cattle network and the combined network showed a recurring seasonal pattern, while this was not seen in the pig network. The in-degree was not equivalent to the ingoing infection chain; there were holdings with limited direct contacts, but a large number of indirect contacts. The ingoing infection chain could be a useful measure when setting up strategies for disease control and for risk based surveillance as it identifies holdings with many contacts through live animal movements and thus at potentially higher risk for introduction of contagious diseases.

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587711000043?via%3Dihub; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.12.009
Country: SE

217 – Application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance – Examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in Sweden (Research paper – Frossling – 2012)

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217 Research paper – Frossling – 2012 – Application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance – Examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in Sweden

In Significant Impact Groups: Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
Financial resources may limit the number of samples that can be collected and analysed in disease surveillance programmes. In this paper, the association between two network analysis measures, i.e. ‘in-degree’ and ‘ingoing infection chain’, and signs of infection is investigated. Results show that compared to completely random sampling these approaches increase the number of detected positives, both for BCV and BRSV in our study population. It is concluded that network measures for the relevant time period based on updated databases of animal movements can provide a simple and straight forward tool for risk-based sampling.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114171/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.011
Country: SE

216 – A novel method to identify herds with an increased probability of disease introduction due to animal trade (Research paper – Frossling – 2014)

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216 Research paper – Frossling – 2014 – A novel method to identify herds with an increasedprobability of disease introduction due to animal trade

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
This paper presents a new method to assess herd disease risk in animal movement networks. It is an improvement to current network measures that takes direction, temporal order, and also movement size and probability of disease into account. In the study, the method was used to calculate a probability of disease ratio (PDR) of herds in simulated data sets, and of real herds based on animal movement data from dairy herds included in a bulk milk survey for Coxiella burnetii. The results show that the PDR is able to capture the different circumstances related to disease prevalence and animal trade contact patterns. The method shows a potential to be useful for risk-based surveillance, in the classification of herds in control programmes or to represent influential contacts in risk factor studies.

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587714002487?via%3Dihub; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.013
Country: SE

212 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of Antibiotics (Research paper – Jensen – 2014)

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212 Research paper – Jensen – 2014 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of A

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The potential effects of the Yellow Card intervention, enforced by Danish authorities since 2010 on the antimicrobial prescription in the Danish pig production were investigated. Descriptive analysis of temporal trends in quantitative antimicrobial prescription for pigs were performed for each administration route, age and disease group. There was a 25% decline in the total antimicrobial use per pig produced between 2009 and 2011, both in sows, piglets, weaners and finishers. Reduced prescription of some antibiotics for oral use in weaners and finishers explained 76% of the total reduction. In 2012, the overall antimicrobial use increased by 10%, as a result of slight changes of prescription patterns. On herd level, the decline and subsequent increase was mainly related to changes in number of herds receiving regular monthly prescriptions. The steep decrease in antimicrobial use in the Danish pig production was temporally related with the announcement and introduction of the Yellow Card intervention.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25263135/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.006
Country: DK

211 – Biosecurity Practices in Spanish Pig Herds – Perceptions of Farmers and Veterinarians of the Most Important Biosecurity Measures (Research paper – Simon-Griffe – 2013)

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211 Research paper – Simon-Griffe – 2013 – Biosecurity Practices in Spanish Pig Herds_ Perceptions of Farmers and Veterinarians of the Most Important Biosecurity Measures

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
One hundred Spanish pig farms were surveyed to determine the biosecurity measures currently applied, as reported by farmers, and to investigate the importance awarded by farmers and veterinarians to each of these measures. Data was gathered by means of a questionnaire administered to farmers and veterinarians. Biosecurity measures were reported based on two scenarios: presence and absence of a highly contagious disease. The effect of farm type on the biosecurity level was also investigated. Farmers awarded significantly higher scores to their farms’ biosecurity than the veterinarians. According to both, the most important biosecurity measures were those aimed at minimising the risk of disease introduction by visits and vehicles. Biosecurity practices seeking to reduce the risk of disease introduction by breeding stock were not applied in many farms. Medium-sized to large farms located in high pig density regions reported higher biosecurity measures than small herds located in low pig density areas.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273732/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.028
Country: ES

210 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania (Research paper – Milita – 2017)

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210 Research paper – Milita – 2017 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
The monitoring of the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli commensal strains isolated from caecal samples collected from slaughtered pigs was implemented for the first time in Romania, in 2015, by testing a number of 399 samples. The prevalence of commensal ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains isolated from the slaughtered strains were resistant to cefotaxime (100%), ampicillin (100%), cefepime (91.93%), ceftazidime (90.13 %), sulfamethoxazole (73.54%), tetracycline (71.30 %), trimethoprim (62.33%), ciprofloxacin (53.81%), chloramphenicol (41.70%), nalidixic acid (39.91%), gentamicin (20.63%), cefoxitin (20.63%), azithromycin (14,35%), colistin (3.59%), ertapenem (1.79%). This survey shows that the pigs slaughtered in Romania during the year 2015 were colonized, in a proportion of more than 60%, with strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. The results obtained will provide important insight into effects of using antimicrobials at animals.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-3-2017/;
Country: RO

209- Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union ( Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018)

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209 Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018 – Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
At the European Commission (EC) level, legislation has been issued for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and these rules are applicable by each Member State (MS). For the proper implementation of the above legislation, audits are carried out in Member States that have developed programs on antimicrobial resistance that go beyond the EC’s requests. The aim of the study was the analysis of existing data reports, legislation and recommendations on antimicrobial resistance through which surveillance and monitoring is carried out in the European Union (EU). The audit reports issued between 2015 and 2017 by the Food Veterinary Office (FVO), as well as the articles issued by the EC through the antimicrobial resistance institutes were analysed. In conclusion, in order to improve antimicrobial resistance programs, a “good practice guide” can be achieved by MS with extensive experience in this area, to be used to harmonize antimicrobial resistance programs within the EU.

Where to find the original material: https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/1281; https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1281
Country: RO

208 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity (Research paper – Draghici – 2017)

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208 Research paper – Draghici – 2017 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The concept of microbial resistance defines the ability of pathogens to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics. The resistant microorganisms are or become “tolerant” to antibiotics. The causes that led to this unprecedented situation are described here: releasing antimicrobials without prescription, unjustified prescription, failure to comply with the dosage, the use of antimicrobials with broad spectrum, prophylactic administration of antimicrobials, non-compliance with withdrawal periods after their administration to animals of economic interest, etc. The mechanisms of resistance occurrence are also described in this article: enzymatic inactivation, alteration or over-expression of the drug target, modification of metabolic pathways, reduced permeability or uptake, enhanced efflux. The role of International organizations such as OIE, WHO, FVO, HMA, EMA is also presented, along with a summary of the guidelines aiming to help national authorities of each state to develop its own strategies, leading to reducing the occurrence and spread of bacterial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-2-2017/;
Country: RO

207 – Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in strains of E Coli isolated from broiler carcasses (Research paper – Lancu – 2018)

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207 Research paper – Iancu – 2018 – Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in strains of e Coli isolated from broiler carcasses

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Chicken products may be a source of infection with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (ExPEC) and may present a zoonotic risk through multiple antibiotic resistances. The emergence of multiple antibiotic resistances (resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) among E. coli strains isolated from birds has created major economic and human health problems. A total of 30 strains of E. coli have been isolated and identified from fresh chicken carcasses harvested at different time intervals over a period of 12 months from different manufacturers. Strains identified as E. coli were tested on 12 antimicrobial substances and showed multiple resistances. The highest resistance was recorded at erythromycin and doxycycline (96.6%), and the smallest resistance was recorded at gentamicin 10%. E. coli strains with multiple antibiotic resistances are one of the main cause of infections in humans and birds.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-28-nr-4-2018/; ISSN: 1220-3173
Country: RO

206 – Study on the antibiotic resistance of strains of staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals with contagious ecthyma (Research paper – Mesteaanu – 2018)

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206 Research paper – Mesteaanu – 2018 – Study on the antibiotic resistance of strains of staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals with contagious ecthyma

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Disease/health
Species targeted: Sheep;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Staphylococcus aureus is a commonly found germ and cases of antibiotic resistance encountered due to the unusual use of antibiotics are frequently recorded in this germ. The results of the antibiogram showed an increased sensitivity to the action of gentamicin (96,6%) and of quinolones (ciprofloxacin 86.6%, enrofloxacin 83.3%) and trimethoprim (80%). The increase of the penicillin resistance phenomenon, widely used in the past, has led to new generations of antibiotics in this group (semi-synthetic penicillin). Based on the sensitivity of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 7 types of antibiotics, it was computed the MAR index (multiple antibiotic resistance index), in order to establish the risk degree represented by these types of strains for animals and humans. The values of the MAR index showed a high likelihood of the occurrence of the multiple antibiotic resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-28-nr-1-2018/;
Country: RO