37 The impact of dairy cows’ bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk – A cross sectional study of UK farms (Research paper; Bradley, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Housing and welfare ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Bacterial counts in bedding; Bacterial counts in milk
Summary: UK herds bedded on recycled manure solids, sand or sawdust were compared. Bacterial load varied significantly within and between bedding materials. Bedding type did not affect bulk milk bacterial counts. Foremilking was associated with a reduced total bacterial count in milk.
37 Research paper – Bradley – 2018 – The impact of dairy cows bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160517305445; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.022
Country: UK

37 Research paper – Bradley – 2018 – The impact of dairy cows bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk

36 What we have lost: Mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesians and in a local cattle breed (Research paper; Curone, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Breeding for disease resistance or robustness
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Bacteriogical status; Mammary immune response; colostrum protein profile
Summary: A multidisciplinary approach was applied to compare innate immune response patterns, metabolic parameters, milk protein profiles and the milk microbiota in Holstein Friesian and Rendena cows reared in the same farm and under the same management conditions. Results show that Holstein Friesian and Rendena cows have different metabolic traits. Mastitis markers are higher in Holstein Friesian milk. The microbiota biodiversity is lower in Rendena milk. The colostrum protein profile is markedly different in the two breeds. Mammary innate immune response patterns display breed-specific differences. The observations reported in this work present numerous pointers to the factors that may provide more rustic breeds with a higher resistance to disease.
36 Research paper – Curone – 2018 – What we have lost_Mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesians and in a local cattle breed
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452881730173X; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.020
Country: IT

36 Research paper – Curone – 2018 – What we have lost_Mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesians and in a local cattle bre

29 Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets (Research paper; Cameron, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Feed additives and supplements; Specific alternatives
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): Ruminant feed conversion ratio; Milk production; Rumen pH modulation; Poultry feed conversion ratio; Egg production; Swine feed conversion ratio
Summary: Probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics’ successes are modest, conditional, strain dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
29 Research paper – Cameron – 2019 – Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock
diets
Where to find the original material:
https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/abs/10.3920/BM2019.0059; https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2019.0059
Country: CA

29 Research paper – Cameron – 2019 – Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets

28 The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition (Research paper; Markowiak, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Pre-/probiotics
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: Despite numerous difficulties associated with the registration of feed additives, modern global economy and strong market competition result in the need to introduce new technologies to animal nutrition. This paper discusses definitions of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Criteria that have to be met by those kinds of formulas are also presented. The paper offers a list of the most commonly used probiotics and prebiotics and some examples of their combinations in synbiotic formulas used in animal feeding. Examples of available study results on the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on animal health are also summarised
28 Research paper – Markowiak – 2018 – The role of probiotics prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition
Where to find the original material:
https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
Country: PL

28 Research paper – Markowiak – 2018 – The role of probiotics prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition

27 Quantitative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in livestock during the course of a nationwide antimicrobial use reduction in the Netherlands (Research paper; Dorado-Garcia, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial resistance
Summary: Evidence presented indicates that drug use history and co-selection of resistance are key elements
for perpetuation of resistance. Data suggest that recent Dutch policies aimed at reducing total use of antimicrobials and restricting the use of critically important antimicrobials have decreased E. coli resistance in the pig and veal calf production sectors while the impact on the dairy cattle and poultry sectors is less clear.
27 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2016 – Quantitative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in livestock during the course of a nationwide antimicrobi
Where to find the original material:
https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/71/12/3607/2631265; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw308
Country: NL

27 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2016 – Quantitative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in livestock during the course of a nationwide antimicrobi

26 Potential dietary feed additives with antibacterial effects and their impact on performance of weaned piglets: A meta-analysis (Research paper, Vanrolleghem et al., 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Feed additives and supplements – Feed additives and supplements ; Specific alternatives

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): growth parameters; ‘average daily gain’ (ADG); ‘feed conversion ratio’ (FCR)
Summary: Between January 2010 and January 2017, 23 in vivo studies (comprising 50 trials) were published that evaluated the use of potential dietary feed additives (pDFA) against a positive control diet with antibiotics in weaned piglets, and reporting the performance parameters average daily gain’ (ADG) and ‘feed conversion ratio’ (FCR). The results of the meta-analysis clearly show that adding a pDFA at weaning can improve performance indicators compared to an untreated group (negative control), suggesting that pDFA could increase growth and improve feed conversion. As such, pDFA could potentially enhance production without the negative side effect of AMUs. Compared to the use of AMUs (positive control), the results of the meta-analysis show no overall significant difference. This is a beneficial result, as it suggests that the use of AMUs around weaning, a very commonly used practice, could be replaced by pDFA without significant negative effects on the performance indicators.
26 Research paper – Vanrolleghem – 2019 – Potential dietary feed additives with antibacterial effects and their impact on performance of weaned piglets: A meta-analysis. Vanrolleghem, W., Tanghe, S., Verstringe, S., Bruggeman, G., Papadopoulos, D., Trevisi, P., Zentek, J., Sarrazin, S. and J. Dewulf 2019 The Veterinary Journal 249: 24-32
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023319300528; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.017
Country: BE, IT, DE

26 Research paper – Vanrolleghem – 2019 – Potential dietary feed additives with antibacterial effects and their impact on performance of

25 Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli: a cross sectional and ecological study ( Research paper; Afema, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives ; Prudent use AB

Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes
Summary: Based on feedback and interaction between study investigators, farm management and consulting veterinarians, a new policy was implemented to reduce antimicrobial use in calves. We investigated the effects of these policy changes in antimicrobial use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. In general, there was a declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes were implemented, except for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and gentamicin.
25 Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and ecological study by Afema, J.A., Davis, M.A. and W.M. Sischo 2019 BMC Microbiology 19: 217 (14p.)
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6
Country: US

25 Research paper – Afema – 2019 – Antimicrobial use policy change in preweaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli_ a cross sectional and ecological study

24 Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities (Research paper; Raffaelli, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity \ Internal biosecurity \ Housing

Species targeted: Poultry;
Summary: Research was carried out to set up a new machine for floor disinfection of poultry houses by open flame. The trials were run in controlled conditions in the laboratory of the University of Pisa, Italy, and on a private farm. The results obtained were very promising. Test bench trials showed a substancial reduction in E. coli, and microbial determinations carried out on-farm did not show any difference between thermal and chemical treatment. In addition, the cost estimation showed that thermal disinfection is approximately 4-fold cheaper than chemical sanitation methods. The effective working capacity of the machine was approximately 1700 m2 h–1, and the LPG consumption was approximately 16 kg per 1000 m2. Flame disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities could represent a valid alternative to chemical disinfection.
24 Research paper – Raffaelli – 2013 – Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities. Raffaelli, M., Fontanelli, M., Frasconi, C., Innocenti, A., Dal Re, L., Bardasi, L., Galletti, G. and A. Peruzzi 2013 Journal of Agricultural Engineering 44: 22-28
Where to find the original material:
https://www.j.agroengineering.org/index.php/jae/article/download/jae.2013.e4/pdf/; https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2013.e4
Country: IT

24 Research paper – Raffaelli – 2013 – Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities

23 Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives (Research paper by Mehdi et al. 2018)

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Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary: Much research has been carried out to look for natural agents with similar beneficial effects of growth promoters. The aim of these alternatives is to maintain a low mortality rate, a good level of animal yield while reserving environment and consumer health. Among these, the most popular are probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, immunostimulants, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phytogenic feed additives, phytoncides, nanoparticles and essential oils. This review focuses on effect of these natural alternatives to antibiotics.
23 Research paper – Mehdi – 2018 – Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654517302512; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.002
Country: CA

23 Research paper – Mehdi – 2018 – Use of antibiotics in broiler production_Global impacts and alternatives

8 Antimicrobial usage in pig production check improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (Research paper Postma 2016)

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8 Research paper
Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (A DISSERTATION) by Postma, M. 2016 Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU : 306p.
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; reduced costs on medicines; improved animal health and increased production
Summary: High antimicrobial usage (AMU) and the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlighted the need for reduced AMU in pig production. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production. The research involved 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden in 2012/2013. 1) Establish a consensus defined daily dose animal (DDDA) for each active substance (AS) and administration route for porcine veterinary antimicrobial (AM) products authorized in four European countries, thus allowing cross-country quantification and comparison of antimicrobial usage (AMU) data. All veterinary AM products authorized for porcine use in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were listed for each administration route. First, separate DDDAs for each product were defined based on the recommended dosing for the main indication. Second, a consensus DDDA was established by taking the mean of the DDDAs for each product within a certain category of AS plus administration route. Large variations were observed for dosage and treatment duration recommendations between products and between countries for the same ASs. Only 6.8% of feed/water and 29.4% of parenteral AS groups had the same recommended dosage in the four countries. Four major recommendations have been formulated: (i) urgent need for harmonization of authorization and recommended summary of product characteristics (SPC) dosages; (ii) expand the developed preliminary DDDA list to include all authorized veterinary medicinal products in all EU member states and for all (food-producing) animal species; (iii) improved accessibility of country-specific SPC data would be preferable; and (iv) statement of the ‘long-acting’ duration of a product in the SP. 2) Nineteen alternatives to antimicrobial (AM) agents were ranked on perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment (ROI) by 111 pig health experts from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis showed that veterinary practitioners rank internal biosecurity, vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality optimization and climate/environmental on average highest, while researchers and professors focused more on increased use of diagnostics and action plans. Financial incentives/penalties ranked low in all countries. Belgian respondents ranked feed quality significantly lower compared to the German respondents while reduction of stocking density was ranked higher in Belgium compared to Denmark. Further analysis showed veterinary practitioners
had a preference for more practical, common and already known alternatives. The results showed that improvements in biosecurity, increased use of vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality improvement and regular diagnostic testing combined with a clear action plan were perceived to be the most promising alternatives to AMs in industrial pig production based on combined effectiveness, feasibility and ROI. 3) This study aimed at assessing the levels of implementation of biosecurity measures in pig production in four European Union (EU) countries . A cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden between 2012-2013. The biosecurity status in each
of these herds was described and quantified by using the risk-based scoring tool Biocheck.UGent (www.biocheck.ugent.be). Production and management characteristics, obtained from the herd management system and by interviewing the farmer, were analysed for their association with the biosecurity level. The results showed that there was substantial room
for improvement in the biosecurity status on many pig farms. Significant differences (p<0.01) both in internal and external biosecurity levels were observed between countries. The external biosecurity status, combining all measures taken to prevent disease introduction into the herd, was highest in Germany and lowest in France. The number of pathogens vaccinated against was significantly associated with internal biosecurity status, suggesting an overall more preventive approach towards the risk of disease transmission. A
higher external biosecurity was associated with more weaned piglets per sow per year.

8 Research paper – Postma – 2016 – Antimicrobial usage in pig production_check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU

Where to find the original material:
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7222359;
Country: BE

 

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Check improve and reduce. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production.