220 Risk assessment as a tool for improving external biosecurity at farm level (Research paper – Sternberg Lewerin, 2015)

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220 Research paper – Sternberg Lewerin – 2015 – Risk assessment as a tool for improving external biosecurity at farm level

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
Biosecurity routines at herd level may reduce the probability of introduction of disease into the herd, but some measures may be regarded as expensive and cumbersome for the farmers. The aim of the study was to provide a tool for calculating the effects of different biosecurity measures and strategies on the individual farm level in Swedish cattle and pig farms. The most important factors affecting the risk, and the effect of biosecurity measures such as quarantine routines and protective clothing, were the frequency of between-farm contacts and prevalence of the disease. The risk assessment model proved useful for illustrating the risk of introduction of endemic diseases and the mitigating effect of different biosecurity measures on farm level. Model outputs could be used to justify prioritisation of measures or adapting contact patterns.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515931/; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0477-7
Country: SE

218 – Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden – Measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance (Research paper – Noremark – 2011)

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218 Research paper – Noremark – 2011 – Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden_ measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
Registration of cattle and pig movements is mandatory in Sweden and all registered movements between farms in the years 2006-2008 were investigated. The networks were analysed as monthly and yearly networks, separately per species and with the two species together. Many farms had few or no contacts, while others had many, a pattern which has also been described from other countries. The cattle network and the combined network showed a recurring seasonal pattern, while this was not seen in the pig network. The in-degree was not equivalent to the ingoing infection chain; there were holdings with limited direct contacts, but a large number of indirect contacts. The ingoing infection chain could be a useful measure when setting up strategies for disease control and for risk based surveillance as it identifies holdings with many contacts through live animal movements and thus at potentially higher risk for introduction of contagious diseases.

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587711000043?via%3Dihub; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.12.009
Country: SE

212 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of Antibiotics (Research paper – Jensen – 2014)

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212 Research paper – Jensen – 2014 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of A

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The potential effects of the Yellow Card intervention, enforced by Danish authorities since 2010 on the antimicrobial prescription in the Danish pig production were investigated. Descriptive analysis of temporal trends in quantitative antimicrobial prescription for pigs were performed for each administration route, age and disease group. There was a 25% decline in the total antimicrobial use per pig produced between 2009 and 2011, both in sows, piglets, weaners and finishers. Reduced prescription of some antibiotics for oral use in weaners and finishers explained 76% of the total reduction. In 2012, the overall antimicrobial use increased by 10%, as a result of slight changes of prescription patterns. On herd level, the decline and subsequent increase was mainly related to changes in number of herds receiving regular monthly prescriptions. The steep decrease in antimicrobial use in the Danish pig production was temporally related with the announcement and introduction of the Yellow Card intervention.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25263135/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.006
Country: DK

211 – Biosecurity Practices in Spanish Pig Herds – Perceptions of Farmers and Veterinarians of the Most Important Biosecurity Measures (Research paper – Simon-Griffe – 2013)

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211 Research paper – Simon-Griffe – 2013 – Biosecurity Practices in Spanish Pig Herds_ Perceptions of Farmers and Veterinarians of the Most Important Biosecurity Measures

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \External biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
One hundred Spanish pig farms were surveyed to determine the biosecurity measures currently applied, as reported by farmers, and to investigate the importance awarded by farmers and veterinarians to each of these measures. Data was gathered by means of a questionnaire administered to farmers and veterinarians. Biosecurity measures were reported based on two scenarios: presence and absence of a highly contagious disease. The effect of farm type on the biosecurity level was also investigated. Farmers awarded significantly higher scores to their farms’ biosecurity than the veterinarians. According to both, the most important biosecurity measures were those aimed at minimising the risk of disease introduction by visits and vehicles. Biosecurity practices seeking to reduce the risk of disease introduction by breeding stock were not applied in many farms. Medium-sized to large farms located in high pig density regions reported higher biosecurity measures than small herds located in low pig density areas.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273732/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.028
Country: ES

210 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania (Research paper – Milita – 2017)

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210 Research paper – Milita – 2017 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
The monitoring of the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli commensal strains isolated from caecal samples collected from slaughtered pigs was implemented for the first time in Romania, in 2015, by testing a number of 399 samples. The prevalence of commensal ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains isolated from the slaughtered strains were resistant to cefotaxime (100%), ampicillin (100%), cefepime (91.93%), ceftazidime (90.13 %), sulfamethoxazole (73.54%), tetracycline (71.30 %), trimethoprim (62.33%), ciprofloxacin (53.81%), chloramphenicol (41.70%), nalidixic acid (39.91%), gentamicin (20.63%), cefoxitin (20.63%), azithromycin (14,35%), colistin (3.59%), ertapenem (1.79%). This survey shows that the pigs slaughtered in Romania during the year 2015 were colonized, in a proportion of more than 60%, with strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. The results obtained will provide important insight into effects of using antimicrobials at animals.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-3-2017/;
Country: RO

209- Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union ( Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018)

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209 Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018 – Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
At the European Commission (EC) level, legislation has been issued for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and these rules are applicable by each Member State (MS). For the proper implementation of the above legislation, audits are carried out in Member States that have developed programs on antimicrobial resistance that go beyond the EC’s requests. The aim of the study was the analysis of existing data reports, legislation and recommendations on antimicrobial resistance through which surveillance and monitoring is carried out in the European Union (EU). The audit reports issued between 2015 and 2017 by the Food Veterinary Office (FVO), as well as the articles issued by the EC through the antimicrobial resistance institutes were analysed. In conclusion, in order to improve antimicrobial resistance programs, a “good practice guide” can be achieved by MS with extensive experience in this area, to be used to harmonize antimicrobial resistance programs within the EU.

Where to find the original material: https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/1281; https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1281
Country: RO

208 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity (Research paper – Draghici – 2017)

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208 Research paper – Draghici – 2017 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The concept of microbial resistance defines the ability of pathogens to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics. The resistant microorganisms are or become “tolerant” to antibiotics. The causes that led to this unprecedented situation are described here: releasing antimicrobials without prescription, unjustified prescription, failure to comply with the dosage, the use of antimicrobials with broad spectrum, prophylactic administration of antimicrobials, non-compliance with withdrawal periods after their administration to animals of economic interest, etc. The mechanisms of resistance occurrence are also described in this article: enzymatic inactivation, alteration or over-expression of the drug target, modification of metabolic pathways, reduced permeability or uptake, enhanced efflux. The role of International organizations such as OIE, WHO, FVO, HMA, EMA is also presented, along with a summary of the guidelines aiming to help national authorities of each state to develop its own strategies, leading to reducing the occurrence and spread of bacterial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-2-2017/;
Country: RO

205 – The prevalence of salmonlla serotypes in domestic and wild animals and their spatial distribution in Romania between 2015 and 2016 (Research paper – Neghirla – 2018)

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205 Research paper – Neghirla – 2018 – The prevalence of salmonella serotypes in domestic and wild animals and their spatial distribution in Romania between 2015 and 2016

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Salmonella are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of animal species as well as humans. This study investigates the prevalence of circulating Salmonella serotypes in domestic and wild animal species in Romania and the spatial distribution of Salmonella isolates at county level in the period 2015-2016. There were collected 2551 samples for the isolation and serotyping of Salmonella according to ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 protocol. The findings of this study show that 36 Salmonella serotypes were isolated in 1357 Salmonella-positive samples in 2015, and 28 serotypes in 1188 Salmonella-positive samples in 2016. One sample from pigeon and one from hen were negative in 2015, and one sample from pigeon and three samples from hen were negative in 2016. In order to reduce the prevalence of serotypes with major zoonotic potential, we recommend continuing collaboration of all the professionals involved in the security of the food chain.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-28-nr-4-2018/; ISSN: 1220-3173
Country: RO

198 – Reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a Danish SPF herd (Research paper – Bak – 2009)

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198 Research paper – Bak – 2009 – Reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a Danish SPF herd

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Summary:
The present study explored whether the use of group medication with antibiotics in a Danish pig herd was reduced after vaccination of the pigs against proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. 7900 pigs originating from a single commercial sow herd were vaccinated against L. intracellularis, whereas 7756 pigs were kept as non-vaccinated controls. The pigs were included batch-wise in the study with every second batch being vaccinated. In the vaccinated batches, the consumption of oxytetracykline to treat PE was reduced by 79%, with a significantly lower number of pigs being treated. Vaccination also resulted in a highly significant improvement of average daily weight gain (+ 46 g/day) and carcass weight (+ 1.25 kg) as well as a shortened fattening period (-8 days).

Where to find the original material: https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1751-0147-51-1; https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-51-1
Country: DK

197 – A register-based study on associations between vaccination antimicrobial use and productivity in conventional Danish finisher pig herds (Research report – Brinch – 2019)

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197 Research report – Brinch – 2019 – A register-based study on associations between vaccination antimicrobial use and productivity in conventional Danish finisher pig herds

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Pharmaceuticals; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Summary:
Vaccination has been suggested as a strategy to prevent disease and minimise the need for antimicrobial treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between data on vaccination, productivity and AMU in Danish finisher herds over a 4-year period. Finisher herds (N = 40–62) with register data on productivity (i.e. average daily weight gain, feed conversion rate, mortality and lean meat percentage) and data on prescriptions of antimicrobials measured in Animal Daily Doses/100 finishers/day as well as the proportion of parenteral AMU treatments out of all treatments (AMU-ratio) were included. Vaccination against PRRS and higher AMU for finishers were associated with increased lean meat percentage. Vaccination against PCV2, PRRS and APP were associated with higher levels of AMU, and vaccination against Lawsonia with a higher AMU-ratio. This may be explained as some farmers preferring to take action soon after observing disease problems.

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587718304574; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.01.007
Country: DK