325- Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals Part 1 (Research paper – Hoelzer – 2018)

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325 Research paper – Hoelzer – 2018 – Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals Part 1

In Significant Impact Groups: Pathogen management \ Vaccination; Specific alternatives
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Vaccines and other alternative products can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations, and are central to the future success of animal agriculture. This article, synthesizes and expands on the expert panel discussions regarding opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of vaccines that may reduce the need for use of antibiotics in animals. Vaccines are widely used to prevent infections in food animals. Various studies have demonstrated that their animal agricultural use can lead to significant reductions in antibiotic consumption, making them promising alternatives to antibiotics. To be widely used in food producing animals, vaccines have to be safe, effective, easy to use, and cost-effective. Although vaccines have the potential to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks, targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts are needed to realize that potential.

Where to find the original material: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13567-018-0560-8; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0560-8
Country: USA; UK; FR; BE; DE

324- Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition an alternative to infeed antibiotics (Research paper – Grashorn – 2010)

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324 Research paper – Grashorn – 2010 – Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition an alternative to infeed antibiotics

In Significant Impact Groups: Feed / gut health \ Feed additives and supplements; Specific alternatives
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
After the ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the EU many alternative substances have been investigated for their potential to replace AGPs. Phytobiotics are discussed as one promising alternative due because they contain many pharmacologically active compounds. A huge number of studies have confirmed a wide range of activities of phytobiotics in poultry nutrition like stimulation of feed intake, antimicrobial, coccidiostatic and anthelmintic effects. The present paper gives a short review on the characteristics of phytobiotics, on the potential mode of action and on the effects of phytobiotics in diets on performance, carcass and meat quality and health status in broilers. Furthermore, it addresses possible safety concerns involving application of phytobiotics.
324

Where to find the original material: http://www.jafs.com.pl/Use-of-phytobiotics-in-broiler-nutrition-n-an-alternative-to-infeed-antibiotics-,66297,0,2.html; https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66297/2010
Country: DE

321 – Risk Factors for AMR in Escherichia coli in Pigs Receiving Oral Antimicrobial Treatment – A Systematic Review (Research paper – Burow – 2017)

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321 Research paper – Burow – 2017 – Risk Factors for AMR in Escherichia coli in Pigs Receiving Oral Antimicrobial Treatment A Systematic Review

In Significant Impact Groups: Other
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The aim of this literature review was to identify risk factors (besides antimicrobial treatment) for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurrence in commensal Escherichia coli in pigs. A variety of studies were searched in 2014 and 2015. It was reported that space allowance, production size/stage, cleanliness, entry of animals and humans into herds, dosage/frequency/route of administration, time span between treatment and sampling date, herd size, distance to another farm, coldness, and season had an impact on AMR occurrence. However, further research is needed on the effects of specific management practices to develop well-founded management advice.

Where to find the original material: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/mdr.2015.0318; https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2015.0318
Country: DE

235 Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae (Research paper – Rozwandowicz, 2018)

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235 Research paper – Rozwandowicz – 2018 – Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through genetic elements known as plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmids characteristics and their association with humans and animals provides important information that is essential to understand the contribution of these genes to the transmission of resistance. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR related types of genetic elements (plasmids) in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution. This information is very important in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/73/5/1121/4822282; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx488
Country: NL; DE; ES

229 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegrate Formation In Vivo (Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019)

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229 Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegr

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Antimicrobial usage is most common trigger for the spread of antimicrobial resistance however reducing antibiotic use only is not sufficient to reverse resistance. Only eliminating antimicrobial selection pressure does not lead to plasmid loss in all plasmid/host combinations. In 2012, a type of Salmonella bacteria (Salmonella Corvallis) carrying a multi-resistance gene (blaNDM-1 plasmid) was detected in a wild bird in Germany. In recent broiler chicken infection study, we observed transfer of this genetic element to other bacteria. The stability of this gene transfer was observed in our in vivo study with broilers. Our study revealed most common structural alterations of this relevant gene were maintained in the experiments with the broiler flock. Results in this article indicate that for the future, reduction in antimicrobial usage must be combined with alternative approaches that target the loss of the resistance gene, in order to slow down the spread of resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://aac.asm.org/content/63/8/e00380-19; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00380-19
Country: ES; IT; DE

191 A Comparison of Pig Farmers and Veterinarians Perceptions and Intentions to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Six European Countries (Research paper – Visschers, 2016)

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191 Research paper – Visschers – 2016 – A Comparison of Pig Farmers and Veterinarians Perceptions and Intentions to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Six European Countries

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
To manage the antimicrobial (AM) resistance problem, the usage of AM should be reduced in pig farming, as well as in other areas. A mail survey among pig farmers (N = 1,294) and an online survey among veterinarians (N = 334) was done in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. The results showed that farmers and veterinarians had similar perceptions of the risks and benefits of AM usage. Veterinarians were more optimistic than pig farmers about reducing AM usage in pig farming. Farmers believed that their efficacy over AM reduction was relatively high. Farmers’ intention to reduce AM usage and veterinarians’ self-reported reduction behaviors were connected with factors concerning the feasibility of reducing AM usage. To promote prudent AM usage, pig farmers should learn and experience how to reduce usage by applying alternative measures, whereas veterinarians should strengthen their advisory role and competencies to support and educate farmers.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26890125; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12260
Country: BE; CH; DK; SE; FR, DE

190 Higher perceived risks of antimicrobial use are related to lower usage among pig farmers in four European countries (Research paper – Visschers, 2016)

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190 Research paper – Visschers – 2016 – Higher perceived risks of antimicrobial use are related to lower usage among pig farmers in four European countries

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
It is important to understand pig farmers’ motivators and the barriers to antimicrobial usage (AMU) on their farms. Pig farmers’ self-estimated levels of AMU, their perceived benefits, risks and the need for antimicrobials were studied in a cross-sectional survey in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. These perceptions were compared between the four countries and related them to pig farmers’ actual AMU. Results showed that farmers using more antimicrobials also estimated their own usage as higher. Farmers perceived many benefits but few risks of AMU in pig farming. Some significant cross-country differences in farmers’ perceptions were found, but they were relatively small. Country differences as well as perceived risks of antimicrobials served to predict farmers’ actual AMU. Promoting prudent AMU should focus on the structural differences in pig farming and veterinary medicine among countries. In addition, interventions aiming at reducing AMU should increase farmers’ awareness of the risks of extensive AMU.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27553605; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103844
Country: BE; SE; CH; FR; DE

189 Perceptions of antimicrobial usage antimicrobial resistance and policy measures to reduce antimicrobial usage (Research paper – Visschers, 2015)

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189 Research paper – Visschers – 2015 – Perceptions of antimicrobial usage antimicrobial resistance and policy measures to reduce antimicrobial usage

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
A survey of pig farmers (N = 281) was performed in Belgium, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Generally, farmers perceived their own antimicrobial usage as lower than that of their fellow countrymen and lower than or similar to that of farmers from other countries. Farmers were significantly more worried about financial/legal issues than about antimicrobial resistance. Further, farmers who worried about antimicrobial resistance and estimated their antimicrobial usage as lower than their fellow countrymen, perceived more impact from policy measures on antimicrobial reduction. Results indicated that the same policy measures can be applied to reduce antimicrobial usage in pig farming in all five countries. Moreover, increasing pig farmers’ awareness of the threat of antimicrobial resistance and its relation to antimicrobial usage is worth investing into; not only because pig farmers were not worried about antimicrobial usage but also because it affected farmers’ perception of policy measures to reduce antimicrobial usage.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25684036; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.018
Country: SE; CH; BE; DE; FR

185 Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns infarrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium France Germany and Sweden (Research paper – Sjolund, 2016)

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185 Research paper – Sjolund – 2016 – Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns infarrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium France Germany and Sweden

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial usage for pigs by age category, antimicrobial class and administration route for farrow-to-finish herds in four EU countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. The Swedish herds had the lowest and the German herds the highest overall use. Most treatments were applied to weaned piglets except in the Swedish herds (with more frequent treatment of suckling piglets). Antimicrobials were most often applied through feed or water except in the Swedish herds where parenteral treatments were most frequent. Aminopenicillins was the antimicrobial class most commonly used. Belgian herd use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins was higher compared to the other countries. In summary, there were large differences in antimicrobial use for pigs between countries, herds and age groups in farrow-to-finish herds of similar size.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435645; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.06.003
Country: BE; SE; FR; DE; CH

176 Association between antimicrobial usage biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms (Research paper – Raasch , 2018)

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176 Research paper – Raasch – 2018 – Association between antimicrobial usage biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms

Biosecurity \ Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
In this study, comprising in 60 German farrow-to- finish herds, the variations of high and low usage the treatment incidence per age group were analyzed and linked to biosecurity measures, and herd management characteristics. Weaned pigs received most of the treatments followed by suckling pigs. Suckling pigs were very often treated with critically important antimicrobials. The number of sows and a low score for external biosecurity were associated with a higher antimicrobial usage in pigs from birth till slaughter. Herds with a higher treatment incidence in growing pigs: i) were located in a region with a high pig density ii) had less strict control for visitors and personnel and iii) had lower ‘cleaning and disinfection’ scores (internal biosecurity). Herds with a higher treatment incidence in breeding pigs weaned more piglets per sow and year and scored better in the internal biosecurity level

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564434; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-018-0106-5
Country: DE; BE; CH