108 Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals (Research paper; Collineau, 2016)

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108 Research paper – Collineau – 2016 – Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals

108 Research paper
Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals by Collineau, L., Belloc, C., Stärk, K.D., Hémonic, A., Postma, M., Dewulf, J. and C. Chauvin. 2016 Zoonoses and public health 64: 165-184
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Summary: To quantify antimicrobial usage various types of measures are available. These are here referred to as indicators of antimicrobial use. These range from sales, deliveries or reimbursement data in human and veterinary medicine. Still, results can differ substantially depending on the method used. The best way to select the appropriate indicators of antimicrobial usage, is important to first determine the objective of the study. If the goal is compare groups (or populations), it is preferable to use standard parameters. However, to measure exposure it is better to use actual (non-standardized) parameters. There are several issues associated with the choice of indicators for antimicrobial use. These are further discussed in this article.

Where to find the original material: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12298; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12298

Country: FR

107 Impact of slurry and manure management on the degradation of antibiotics (Research paper; Levasseur, 2015)

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107 Research paper – Levasseur- 2015 – Impact of slurry and manure management on the degradation of antibiotics

107 Research paper
Impact of slurry and manure management on the degradation of antibiotics
by Levasseur, P. and A. Hémonic. 2015 Cahiers de l’IFIP 2: 27-48
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult; Different for different species;
Summary: Research shows that the antibiotics most often found in livestock manure are tetracyclines, sulphonamides, macrolides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. These will later on end up and which end up in the environment. This paper reviews the ways in which antibiotics can be removed during the main possibilities of slurry management: from administration to the animal to the soil after spreading. Animals discharge 30–90% of administered antibiotics unchanged or as active metabolites. During storage, most antibiotics form complexes with soluble organic matter and remain fairly stable. After spreading, soil can have some protective effect. Treatment processes can remove antibiotics, especially composting. Wastewater treatment by activated sludge and anaerobic digestion can also reduce antibiotic contamination. In order to estimate the real risk of resistance, is is still necessary to link these results with the occurrence of resistant bacteria and genes in various compartments (livestock manure, water and soil).
Country: FR

106 Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms (Research paper; Hemonic, 2018)

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106 Research paper – Hemonic – 2018 – Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms

106 Research paper
Reliable estimation of antimicrobial use and its evolution between 2010 and 2013 in French swine farms
by Hémonic, A., Chauvin, C., Delzescaux, D., Verliat, F. and I. Corrégé
2018 Porcine Health Management 4: 11p.
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The French swine industry and the national authorities have been very focused om reducing the use of antimicrobials in swine production since 2010. A retrospective study on a representative sample of at least 150 farms has provided detailed information on the 2010 and 2013 antimicrobial use in the French swine farms. The results shows a strong and significant decrease in antimicrobial use in pigs between 2010 and 2013, which comply with the national target of 25% reduction by 2017. These results reflect that swine production professionals are very aware to the antimicrobial reduction objectives, and are the result of pre-2012 voluntary measures, such as the limitation on the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins.
Country: FR

104 Biosecurity-Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp on Poultry farms (Research paper; Newell, 2006)

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104 Research paper -Newell-2006-Biosecurity – Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp on Poultry farms

104 Research paper
Biosecurity-Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp. on Poultry Farms
by Newell, D.G., Elvers, K.T., Dopfer, D., Hansson, I., Jones, P., James, S., Gittins, J., Stern, N.J., Davies, R., Connerton, I. and D. Pearson
2006 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77: 8605–8614
In Significant Impact Groups:
Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The prevention and control of Campylobacter in poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. A critical review of the literature on interventions to control Campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. Multiple electronic databases were employed to search the literature, in any language, from 1980 to September 2008. Many of these studies gathered had poor design, sampling, and statistical analysis. The evidence for each potential source and route of transmission on the poultry farm was reviewed and the options for intervention were considered. The review concluded that biosecurity on conventional broiler farms can frequently be enhanced and this should contribute to the reduction of flock colonization. However, non-biosecurity-based approaches will also be required in the future to maximize the reduction of Campylobacter-positive flocks at the farm level.
Country: UK; SE; FR

103 Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands – Monitoring trends and developments using routinely-collected cattle census data (Research paper; Santman-Berends et al., 2016)

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103 Research paper – Santman-Berends – 2016 – Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands – Monitoring trends and developments using routinely collected cattle census data

103 Research paper
Surveillance of cattle health in the Netherlands: Monitoring trends and developments using routinely collected cattle census data
by Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A., Brouwer-Middelesch, H., Van Wuijckhuise, L., de Bont-Smolenaars, A.J.G. and G. Van Schaik
2016 Preventive Veterinary Medicine 134: 103-112
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;Adult;
Summary: A national cattle health surveillance system (CHSS) has been in place in the Netherlands since 2002. This system consists of several surveillance components: enhanced passive reporting, diagnostic test results and post-mortem exams, random surveys for prevalence estimation of endemic diseases and quarterly data analysis. This data-analysis component [Trend Analysis Surveillance Component(TASC)] aims to monitor trends and developments in cattle health using routine census data. The key monitoring indicators that are analysed as part of TASC all relate to cattle health and involve parameters such as mortality, fertility, udder health and antimicrobial usage. The challenges and lessons learned from developing this tool are discussed in this article. The TASC also allows to visualize trends in time, can be used to support or highlight signals that are detected in one of the other surveillance components and can provide warnings or initiate changes in policy when unfavorable trends in cattle health occur.
Where to find the original material:
Country: NL

102 Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry (Research report; Magnusson et al., 2019))

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102 Research report – Magnusson – 2019 – Prudent and efficent use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry by Magnusson, U.; Sternberg, S.; Eklund, G. and A. Rozstalnyy. 2019 FAO Animal Production and Health manual 23: 44p

Where to find the original material: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6729en/
Country: IT

Summary: This manual focuses on prevention of infections and prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors, the livestock sectors that generally have the highest use of antibiotics. It should be regarded as a practical complement to national governance and regulatory measures. The manual is aimed to help using antibiotics in a prudent and medically efficient way without loss in productivity. It is especially targeted to farmers with commercialized medium- or large-scale production, veterinarians and other animal health personnel who are dealing with pigs and poultry. In general, the principles and practices described here are universally useful and may be applied elsewhere.Several elements are highlighted namely: gradually stopping growth promotion and preventive use of antibiotics, minimizing use of critical important antimicrobials (CIAs) for humans, limiting antibiotic use without prescription, moving toward treating individuals animals (avoiding group treatments) and disposing of used and expired antibiotics in a proper way.

501 No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management (Industry Innovation)

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Industry Innovation

No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management by Peter McKenzie

In Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health; Feed additives and supplements

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): more good live pigs; more heavier pigs 4 weeks post weaning

Summary: In this paper McKenzie shares his journey with the impact of E.coli on pig management – eventually without antibiotic and zinc oxide use.

After years of veterinary practice, he came to the following regime that results in more good live pigs and heavier pigs at 4 weeks post weaning with minimal or zero injectable antibiotic and no need for zinc oxide:

  • Attention to detail
  • All-in-all-out and hygiene
  • Quality weaner diet consisting of
    o Less than 18.5% protein;
    o European programme of coated butyric, formic and citric acid and Baccilus PB6
    o Korean programme of Algal immune stimulant.

The programme is usually cheaper than Zinc plus some antibiotics. Some farmers have been on the programme for over a year with success. Remove ZnO gently – if management is not as good as expected, and you have a very pathogenic E. coli, then E.coli may triumph over lack of ZnO.

Country: AU (Australia)

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99 The importance of databases to manage the phenomenon of resistance to antimicrobials for veterinary use (Research paper; Moruzi, 2019)

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99 Research paper – Moruzi – 2019 – The importance of databases to manage the phenomenon of resistance to antimicrobials for veterinary use

99 Research paper
The importance of databases to manage the phenomenon of resistance to antimicrobials for veterinary use by Moruzi, R.F.; Tîrziu, E.; Muselin, F.; Dumitrescu, E.; Huțu, I.; Mircu, C.; Tulcan, C.; Doma, A.O.; Degi, J.; Degi, D. M.; Boboc, M. G.; Chirilă, A. B.; Iancu, I.; Bărăităreanu, S. and R.T. Cristina
2019 Revista Română de Medicină Veterinară 29: 40-57
in Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary: This article presents the most important organizations and institutes responsible for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic consumption in humans and animals. In both the human health and veterinary sector, databases and surveillance systems are becoming more complex but also more complete, as a result of recently made extensive studies on AMR. This paper presents an aggregated database that includes all the sources mentioned and books. This report also presents data on extent and implications of the AMR, and on the importance of databases and monitoring of AMR. Finally, the relations between monitoring organization which are involved in the global fight against AMR are also reviewed.
99 Research paper – Moruzi – 2019 – The importance of databases to manage the phenomenon of resistance to antimicrobials for veterinary use
Where to find the original material:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338556216_The_importance_of_databases_to_manage_the_phenomenon_of_resistance_to_antimicrobials_for_veterinary_usehttp://agmv.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/40_57_Moruzi_RT-Cristina_18_compressed.pdf;
Country: RO

98 Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production (Research report; Wall et al., 2016)

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98 Research report – Wall – 2016 – Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production

98 Research report
Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production by Wall, B.A., Mateus, A.L.P., Marshall, L., Pfeiffer, D.U., Lubroth, J., Ormel, H.J., Otto, P. and A. Patriarchi
2016 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations : 68p.
in Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Pigs;Poultry;Dairy;Beef;Sheep;
Age: Not stated;
Summary: The use of antimicrobial drugs leads to a relative increase in resistant bacteria, even though antimicrobial resistance is an old and naturally occurring phenomenon in bacteria. In intensive livestock production systems, resistant bacteria can spread easily between animals and this can be made worse if biosecurity is inadequate. Food is likely to be quantitatively the most important source of transmission from livestock to humans, although there is no direct link between rise of antimicrobial resistance in humans in relation to food consumption. In order to build successful solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance, is essential to understand what drives the spread of AMR in animal production.
The effect of extensive and organic farming systems and antimicrobial use on the rise and spread of AMR are discussed. However it is still not clear how sustainable agriculture systems can help fight AMR.
It is now accepted that increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria affecting humans and animals in recent decades is primarily influenced by an increase in usage of antimicrobials for a variety of purposes, including therapeutic and non-therapeutic uses in animal production. Antimicrobial resistance is an ancient and naturally occurring phenomenon in bacteria. But the use of antimicrobial drugs – in health care, agriculture or industrial settings – exerts a selection pressure which can favour the survival of resistant strains (or genes) over susceptible ones, leading to a relative increase in resistant bacteria within microbial communities.
In intensive livestock production systems, resistant bacteria can spread easily between animals and this can be exacerbated if biosecurity is inadequate.
In aquaculture, AMR can develop in aquatic and fish gut bacteria as a result of antimicrobial therapy or contamination of the aquatic environment with human or animal waste. The extent and persistence of antimicrobial residues in aquatic systems is unknown and current evidence is conflicting.
Food is likely to be quantitatively the most important potential transmission pathway from livestock to humans, although direct evidence linking AMR emergence in humans to food consumption is lacking.
An improved understanding of the epidemiology of AMR emergence and spread in animal production will provide an essential foundation for successful mitigation strategies.
The relationships between different types of farming systems and both AMU and the emergence and spread of AMR are discussed in this paper, including extensive and organic systems, but there is still a notable lack of knowledge on the role that sustainable agriculture systems can play in combatting AMR.
Most importantly, future research needs to involve an interdisciplinary (e.g. One Health) approach, integrating agricultural, medical, environmental and social sciences, and especially recognizing the importance of human behaviour. A set of specific recommendations to fill current knowledge gaps is presented in the final section of this technical paper.
98 Research report – Wall – 2016 – Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production
Where to find the original material:
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF2017002096;
Country: UK, IT

97 Selective Dry Cow by Eurodairy (Farm Innovation)

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97 Farm Innovation – Selective Dry Cow by Eurodairy

97 Farm Innovation
Selective Dry Cow by Eurodairy
in Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary: This sheet describes how the Dutch dairy sector reduced the use of antibiotics in dairy farming. Between 2009 and 2016, usage decreased by 48%.
Selective drying off has made an important contribution to this reduction. Preventive use of antibiotics for drying off dairy cattle is no longer allowed. The protocol uses the somatic cell count per animal up to 6 weeks prior to drying off. If the cell count number is below 50,000 (cows) or 150,000 (heifers) per ml, no antibiotics may be used. If the cell number is higher, only a first choice antibiotic may be used in accordance with the farm health plan. The use of 2nd and 3rd choice antibiotics follows strict regulations, and is only allowed after additional testing.
The sheet also contains a farmers experience with omitting the dry off period.
97 Farm Innovation – Selective Dry Cow by Eurodairy
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://eurodairy.eu/resources/the-dutch-way-of-reducing-antibiotic-use/;
Country: NL