11 PULSE by ITAVI (Tools & checklists)

/in , , , , /by

Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity
Species targeted: Poultry;
Summary: PULSE, a tool created by ITAVI in France:
The application of biosecurity measures in animal husbandry aims to prevent or limit the introduction,
circulation and dissemination of contaminants. To help farmers assess the conformity of their farming
systems and practices, a biosecurity self-assessment tool has been built, including all of the expected
recommendations. It was conceived as a tool for progress, making it possible to target the points to be
improved in the short or medium term and proposing ways of improvement to be discussed, in concert
with technical supervision.
The purpose of this tool is to support producers in the implementation of biosecurity procedures and to
maintain vigilance over the long term.
11 ToolsChecklists – PULSE by ITAVI
Where to find the original material: (in French;)
https://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/jevalue-la-biosecurite-sur-mon-exploitation-de-volailles-plein-air;
Country: France;

10 Ewe health and nutrition boosts colostrum and cuts antibiotics on Northern Ireland sheep farm by FarmAntibiotics-org (Farm Innovation)

/in , , , , , , /by

 

 

10 Farm Innovation
Ewe health and nutrition boosts colostrum and cuts antibiotics on Northern Ireland sheep farm by FarmAntibiotics.org
in Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Feeding management

Species targeted: Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Ewe health and nutrition boosts colostrum and cuts antibiotics on Northern Ireland sheep farm: A focus on ewe health and nutrition has boosted colostrum production and enabled one Northern Ireland sheep producer to make a dramatic cut in antibiotic treatment for watery mouth in newborn lambs.
The farmer believes that a visibly-improved colostrum quality is a major reason for the reduction in the prevalence of the disease. This also has to do with gradual improvements like better ewe nutrition, genetics and general health.
10 Farm Innovation – Ewe health and nutrition boosts colostrum and cuts antibiotics on Northern Ireland sheep farm by
FarmAntibiotics.org
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://farmantibiotics.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Isaac-Crilly-sheep-Northern-Ireland.pdf;
Country: UK

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [111.40 KB]

Read here about the benefit of a sheep’s higher quality colostrum.

9 Powerpoint Improving udder quality traits in sows to aid survival health and lifetime of piglets by FarmAntibiotics-org (Farm Innovation)

/in , , , , , /by

 

 

9 Farm Innovation
Powerpoint – Improving udder quality traits in sows to aid survival, health and lifetime performance of piglets by FarmAntibiotics.org
in Significant Impact Group(s): Breeding for disease resistance or robustness ; Feed / gut health

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Improving udder quality traits in sows to aid survival, health and lifetime performance of piglets:
This powerpoint presentations discusses of 5 experiments in sows and piglets.
Topics are:
1) Udder morphology: Define udder conformation traits measurable in a reliable way
2) Udder morphology variation: Define udder conformation traits measurable in a reliable way
3) On-farm colostrum IgG methodology: Evaluation of Brix refractometer to assess colostrum quality
4) Variation of litter performance: the effect of maternal and birth characteristics on litter weight and serum IgG at 24h
5) Relationship between piglets and udder traits
The presentation ends with:
– Study in progress (which focusses on udder conformation changes in consecutive parities of the sow)
– Industry focus
o Breeding company’s should be allowed to take udder conformation and colostrum quality into account
o Increase number of weaned piglets by selection on better nursing capacity and improving colostrum accessibility and quality
9 Farm Innovation – Powerpoint – Improving udder quality traits in sows to aid survival, health and lifetime performance of piglets by FarmAntibiotics.org
Where to find the original material: (in English)

https://farmantibiotics.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Improving-udder-quality-traits-in-sows-to-aid-survival-health-and-lifetime-performance-of-piglets.pdf;

Country: UK

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [118.00 KB]

5 experiments to show you the importance of udder traits of sows in raising healthy piglets.

8 Antimicrobial usage in pig production check improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (Research paper Postma 2016)

/in , , , , , , , /by

 

 

8 Research paper
Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (A DISSERTATION) by Postma, M. 2016 Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU : 306p.
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; reduced costs on medicines; improved animal health and increased production
Summary: High antimicrobial usage (AMU) and the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlighted the need for reduced AMU in pig production. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production. The research involved 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden in 2012/2013. 1) Establish a consensus defined daily dose animal (DDDA) for each active substance (AS) and administration route for porcine veterinary antimicrobial (AM) products authorized in four European countries, thus allowing cross-country quantification and comparison of antimicrobial usage (AMU) data. All veterinary AM products authorized for porcine use in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were listed for each administration route. First, separate DDDAs for each product were defined based on the recommended dosing for the main indication. Second, a consensus DDDA was established by taking the mean of the DDDAs for each product within a certain category of AS plus administration route. Large variations were observed for dosage and treatment duration recommendations between products and between countries for the same ASs. Only 6.8% of feed/water and 29.4% of parenteral AS groups had the same recommended dosage in the four countries. Four major recommendations have been formulated: (i) urgent need for harmonization of authorization and recommended summary of product characteristics (SPC) dosages; (ii) expand the developed preliminary DDDA list to include all authorized veterinary medicinal products in all EU member states and for all (food-producing) animal species; (iii) improved accessibility of country-specific SPC data would be preferable; and (iv) statement of the ‘long-acting’ duration of a product in the SP. 2) Nineteen alternatives to antimicrobial (AM) agents were ranked on perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment (ROI) by 111 pig health experts from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis showed that veterinary practitioners rank internal biosecurity, vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality optimization and climate/environmental on average highest, while researchers and professors focused more on increased use of diagnostics and action plans. Financial incentives/penalties ranked low in all countries. Belgian respondents ranked feed quality significantly lower compared to the German respondents while reduction of stocking density was ranked higher in Belgium compared to Denmark. Further analysis showed veterinary practitioners
had a preference for more practical, common and already known alternatives. The results showed that improvements in biosecurity, increased use of vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality improvement and regular diagnostic testing combined with a clear action plan were perceived to be the most promising alternatives to AMs in industrial pig production based on combined effectiveness, feasibility and ROI. 3) This study aimed at assessing the levels of implementation of biosecurity measures in pig production in four European Union (EU) countries . A cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden between 2012-2013. The biosecurity status in each
of these herds was described and quantified by using the risk-based scoring tool Biocheck.UGent (www.biocheck.ugent.be). Production and management characteristics, obtained from the herd management system and by interviewing the farmer, were analysed for their association with the biosecurity level. The results showed that there was substantial room
for improvement in the biosecurity status on many pig farms. Significant differences (p<0.01) both in internal and external biosecurity levels were observed between countries. The external biosecurity status, combining all measures taken to prevent disease introduction into the herd, was highest in Germany and lowest in France. The number of pathogens vaccinated against was significantly associated with internal biosecurity status, suggesting an overall more preventive approach towards the risk of disease transmission. A
higher external biosecurity was associated with more weaned piglets per sow per year.

8 Research paper – Postma – 2016 – Antimicrobial usage in pig production_check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU

Where to find the original material:
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7222359;
Country: BE

 

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [128.44 KB]

Check improve and reduce. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production.

7 Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters (Research paper, Postma et al., 2017)

/in , , , , , , /by

 

 

7 Research paper
Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters by Postma, M., Vanderhaeghen, W., Sarrazin, S., Maes, D., and J. Dewulf 2017 Zoonoses and public health 64: 63-74
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Decreased AMU; Improved animal health so less disease and increased production; reduced costs on medicines so economical savings
Summary: This study evaluated the extent to which antimicrobial use (AMU) could be reduced in pig production by focusing on herd health, disease prevention and AMU. Their research involved 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the visits, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status using the Biocheck.UGentTM tool, vaccinations, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and veterinarian/advisor during the visits. Significant improvements in biosecurity combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and responsible AMU was seen. There was a 52% reduction in AMU in pigs from birth – slaughter. Increased biosecurity and decreased AMU were combined with increased numbers of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort between farmer, veterinarians/advisors has shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production. Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGentTM risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year
(+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.
7 Research paper – Postma – 2017 – Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12283; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12283
Country: BE

 

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [146.54 KB]

If combined, biosecurity principles, vaccination strategy, antihelmintic treatment and antimicrobial usage, along with a well-trained field team, the antimicrobial usage in general could be reduce and still obtain the set-out production parameters.

5 Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Research paper; Van Dixhoorn, 2016)

/in , , , , /by

5 Research paper

Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) in Young Pigs by van Dixhoorn, I.D.E., Reimert, I., Middelkoop, J., Bolhuis, E.J., Wisselink, H.J., Groot Koerkamp, P.W.G., Kemp, B., and N. Stockhofe-Zurwieden, 2016 PLOS ONE 11: 24p.
in Significant Impact Group(s): Housing and welfare \ Enrichment

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Lower disease susceptibility to PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae; Improved welfare
Summary: Stress can reduce the ability of the immune system to fight disease, increasing an animal’s susceptibility to infection. Interventions that reduce stress may have positive effects on an animal’s immune system. This study investigated the effect of social and environmental enrichment on the impact of disease in pigs that were infected with PRRS virus and A. pleuropneumoniae bacteria. They compared groups of pigs housed in enriched pens to groups housed in barren pens. Enriched housed (EH) pigs showed faster clearance of the virus in blood and had less lung damage from infection – barren housed (BH) pigs had more lung lesions and tissue damage than EH pigs. EH pigs showed less stress-related
behaviour and differed immunologically and clinically from BH pigs. The research concluded that enriched housing reduces disease susceptibility to PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Enrichment positively influences behaviour, immune response and clinical outcomes in pigs. Until today, antimicrobial drugs have been the therapy of choice to combat bacterial diseases. Resistance against antibiotics is of growing concern in man and animals. Stress, caused by demanding environmental conditions, can reduce immune protection in the host, influencing the onset and outcome of infectious diseases. Therefore psychoneuro-immunological intervention may prove to be a successful
approach to diminish the impact of diseases and antibiotics use. This study was designed to investigate the effect of social and environmental enrichment on the impact
of disease, referred to as “disease susceptibility”, in pigs using a co-infection model of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae. Twenty-eight pigs were raised in four pens under barren conditions and twenty-eight other pigs were raised in four pens under enriched conditions. In the enriched pens a combination of established social and environmental enrichment factors were introduced. Two pens of the barren (BH) and two pens of the enriched housed (EH) pigs were infected with PRRSV followed by A. pleuropneumoniae, the other two pens in each housing treatment served as control groups. We tested if differences in disease susceptibility in terms of pathological and clinical outcome were related to the
different housing regimes and if this was reflected in differences in behavioural and immunological states of the animals. Enriched housed pigs showed a faster clearance of viral PRRSV RNA in blood serum (p = 0.014) and histologically 2.8 fold less interstitial pneumonia signs in the lungs (p = 0.014). More barren housed than enriched housed pigs developed lesions in the lungs (OR = 19.2, p = 0.048) and the lesions in the barren housed pigs showed a higher total pathologic tissue damage score (p<0.001) than those in
enriched housed pigs. EH pigs showed less stress-related behaviour and differed immunologically and clinically from BH pigs. We conclude that enriched housing management reduces disease susceptibility to co-infection of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Enrichment positively influences behavioural state, immunological response and clinical outcome in pigs. In our study, the enrichment stimulated the EH pigs psychologically differently as compared to the barren housed pigs and diminished (chronic) stress in the animals. Chronic stress in general is considered a potential influencing factor on disease susceptibility, however the complex pathways that mediate the effects of stress on infectious diseases, are not completely understood [1]. The better psycho-physiological and immunological state of the EH pigs likely positively affected their immune and inflammatory responses [67–71], and in this way, diminished the clinical manifestation. Our results are also in line with the increasing epidemiological evidence in humans and other species that environmentally induced adaptations, occurring at crucial stages of life, can potentially change behaviour, disease susceptibility and survival also known as the ‘early origins of
the adult disease susceptibility’ hypothesis [4, 72]. In conclusion, enriched rearing leads to a less severe onset and outcome of a PRRSV A. pleuropneumoniae co-infection. The enriched housed pigs showed a remarkably reduced impact of infection and were less prone to develop clinical signs of disease. We found more support for implementation of
psychoneuro-immunological intervention strategies to reduce the impact of infectious diseases and by this reducing antibiotics use. Future research should investigate the possible involved explanatory pathophysiological pathways.
5 Research paper – van Dixhoorn – 2016 – Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-Infection with Porcine Repro
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015855/;
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161832
Country: NL

 

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [185.27 KB]

4 Lactobacillus plantarum S27 from chicken faeces as a potential probiotic to replace antibiotics in vivo evidence (Research paper; Benbara, 2020)

/in , , , , /by

 

 

4 Research paper
Lactobacillus plantarum S27 from chicken faeces as a potential probiotic to replace antibiotics: in vivo evidence by Benbara, T., Lalouche, S., Drider, D., and F. Bendali
2020 Beneficial Microbes 11: 163-173
in Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Pre-/probiotics

Species targeted: Poultry;
Outcome Parameter(s): Improved production; lower disease susceptibility
Summary: A Lactobacillus plantarum strain was isolated from chicken faeces and assessed for its probiotic use. The administration of L. plantarum S27 to each chick daily by gavage, for 31 days, permitted to improve the animal food intake and weight. Supplementation of L. plantarum S27 resulted in increased live body weight since the 4th week, compared to chickens from group 1 (preventive antibiotic treatment with erythromycin) and group 2 (control group without treatment). Remarkably, weights of carcasses, heart and gizzard from the probiotic treated group 3 were significantly higher. In vitro and in vivo analyses indicated that L. plantarum S27 is a potential probiotic for chickens as alternative to antibiotics in animals feeding. This study underlines the richness of chicken digestive tract as source for probiotic strains. This study underlines the richness of the chicken digestive tract as a source for potential probiotic strains. However, it is important to assess these probiotic properties first by extensive in vitro analyses such as gastric acidity (pH 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5), tolerance to bile salts, adherence to broiler intestinal cells and antibacterial activity. Out of the strains isolated, only a few potentially interesting strains remain which fulfilled the probiotics criteria selection and expressed antibacterial activities against the enteric avian pathogens, such as E. coli and S. enterica, which are frequently encountered during poultry production. One selected Lactobacillus plantarum strain was subequently tested for susceptibility to antibiotics and adhesion to poultry intestinal cells to ascertain it probiotic attributes. Finally an in vivo experiment with chicks was set up with this selected Lactobacillus plantarum which proved its potential interesting probiotic properties such as reducing the amount of Enterobacteriaceae (as indicator bacteria of avian pathogens) in the intestine, and increased weight gain. Taken all together, the data from this study support an application of this strain as a future probiotic to be applied during food-animal production as replacement of in feed antibiotics.
4 Research paper – Benbara – 2020 – Lactobacillus plantarum S27 from chicken faeces as a potential probiotic to replace
antibiotics_in vivo evidence
Where to find the original material:
https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/abs/10.3920/BM2019.0116;
https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2019.0116
Country: DZ

 

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [118.58 KB]

3 Uddermint by Innovative farmers (Farm Innovation)

/in , , , /by

 

 

3 Farm Innovation
Uddermint by Innovative farmers
in Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Other

Species targeted: Dairy;

Age: Adult;
Summary: Website ‘Innovativefarmers’ with innovation ‘Uddermint. ’
The field lab aims to improve the health of dairy cows through a reduction in antibiotic use, particularly for the treatment of mastitis. Participants trialled the use of Uddermint, a liniment cream containing 35% mint oil, to reveal its efficacy in reducing high somatic cell counts, an indicator of subclinical mastitis. To test this more robustly, six farmers committed to participate in an experiment (2014). Newly-calved cows were treated with Uddermint® and the results for both treated and untreated cows were reported. Somatic cell counts were checked using National Milk Records (NMR). Although there was large variation in results between treatments and participating farms, when farm data was combined, somatic cell counts were significantly lower in the cows treated with Uddermint® than those that weren’t. Concluding; Uddermint® could be used as a complementary treatment for
mastitis in less severe cases, reducing antibiotic usage.

3 Farm Innovation – Uddermint by Innovative farmers
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.innovativefarmers.org/field-lab?id=515ebe0a-6767-e511-80c5-005056ad0bd4;
Country: UK

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [115.51 KB]

2 Vetorapid by Innovativefarmers (Farm Innovation)

/in , , , , /by

 

 

2 Farm Innovation
Vetorapid by Innovativefarmers
in Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals

Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary: Company ‘Innovativefarmers’ with innovation ‘Vetorapid: Improving The Targeting Of Mastitis Treatments’
The field lab aims to demonstrate that following appropriate training, farmers are capable of determining the causative agent of mild or moderate clinical mastitis (Grades 1 or 2 only) using the VetorapidTM system and delivering selective treatment based on the results.
Providing dairy farmers with a consistent procedure for typing bacteria rapidly on-farm has the potential to reduce the use of antimicrobials in lactating cows by up to 50%. The solution to this could be on-farm tests which give results within 24 hours.
The use of a selective treatment approach will: reduce the overall usage of antibiotics on the farms.
The results show that there are significant cost savings to be made when using this technique which identifies types of bacteria in cattle. The expected saving in antibiotic treatments using the culture kit was about 24%.

2 Farm Innovation – Vetorapid by Innovativefarmers
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.innovativefarmers.org/field-lab?id=ac9809d7-6667-e511-80c5-005056ad0bd4;
Country: UK

 

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

1 Colostrum is gold – by RUMA – Responsible-Use-Of-Medicines-in-Agricultural-Alliance (Farm Innovation)

/in , , , , , , , /by

 

 

1 Farm Innovation
#ColostrumisGold by RUMA (Responsible Use of Medicines in Agricultural Alliance)
in Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Early feeding (colostrum/feed) – Early feeding (colostrum/feed)

Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Lower disease susceptibility
Summary: #ColostrumisGold, a website from the English company RUMA (RUMA = Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance, see: https://www.ruma.org.uk/)
This easy to read farm innovation is about improving animal health and welfare, in beef and dairy cattle, pigs and sheep. The main topic of the website is colostrum; the first milk from cows, sheep and pigs. According to the website; “Colostrum is chock-full of antibodies, energy and essential nutrients that can benefit the newborn animal.”
The website includes documents with Tech tools & Tips; read antibiotic use case studies, showing implemented management changes on-farm that have reduced, refined or replaced use of their antibiotics. There is a search function to choose from. These are basics on colostrum, storing and administering colostrum and use of colostrum, in different types of material (case study, technical guide and video’s).
1 Farm Innovation – #ColostrumisGold by RUMA (Responsible Use of Medicines in Agricultural Alliance)
Where to find the original material: (in English) https://colostrumisgold.org/;
Country: UK

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download [111.99 KB]

#ColostrumisGold, a website from the English company RUMA (RUMA = Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance, see: https://www.ruma.org.uk/)
This easy to read farm innovation is about improving animal health and welfare, in beef and dairy cattle, pigs and sheep. The main topic of the website is colostrum; the first milk from cows, sheep and pigs. According to the website; “Colostrum is chock-full of antibodies, energy and essential nutrients that can benefit the newborn animal.”
The website includes documents with Tech tools & Tips;