64 Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs, Veal Calves, and Broilers in The Netherlands: Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of Data in 2011 (Research paper; Bos, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y); treatment days per year
Summary: Since 2011, the consumption of veterinary antimicrobial has been recorded in The Netherlands. These data are used to define benchmark indicators for veterinary consumption of antimicrobials. This paper presents the results of sector wide consumption of antimicrobials, for all pig, veal calf, and broiler farms. Data were used to calculate animal defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y) per pig or veal calf farm. For broiler farms, number of animal treatment days per year was calculated. Furthermore, data were used to calculate the consumption of specific antimicrobial classes per administration route per pig or veal calf farm. The distribution of antimicrobial consumption per farm varied greatly within and between farm categories. The insights obtained from the results of this study, and the full transparency obtained by monitoring antimicrobial consumption per farm, will help reduce antimicrobial consumption and help create implementation of antimicrobial stewardship.
64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804574/; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077525
Country: NL

64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of

63 Farmers’ attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Adoption of Selective Dry Cow Therapy
Summary: Until recently, blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) has been the norm, and therefore the change to Selective DCT (SDCT) was expected to be a challenge for farmers. This study investigated how many farmers were doing SDCT in 2013 in the Netherlands and what they thought about it, the methods used to select cows for SDCT and the relationship between SDCT, mastitis and antimicrobial usage (AMU). SDCT was adopted by ~75% of study farms. Results showed that 4 factors related to farmers’ mindset were associated with the likelihood to adopt SDCT: costs of SDCT, uncertainty over recovery without antibiotics, lack of concern about potential negative consequences and use of internal teat sealants. The study found farmers were generally positive about reducing AMU. Application of SDCT appeared to be associated with farmers’ attitude towards it.
63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30462-3/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11349
Country: NL

63 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2016 – Farmers attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy

62 Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina (Research paper, Pereyra, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial usage; Disease prevalence
Summary: Antimicrobial use in dairy cows and calves was estimated using standardized drug usage indicators in Argentina. In lactating dairy cows, intramammary usage accounted for the majority of total drug usage. All the surveyed disease cases in calf rearing units included treatment with antibiotics.
62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300404; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.019
Country: AR

62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina

61 Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count (Research paper; Dufour, 2011)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals ; Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd somatic cell count
Summary: Thee scientific literature on relationships between management practices used on dairy farms and herd somatic cell count (SCC) is reviewed in this study. A large number of management practices have shown consistent associations with herd-level SCC when used in usual dairy settings. These practices should be the basis of udder health recommendations to dairy producers. Although many management practices have shown interesting associations with SCC, the lack of consistency observed should moderate reliance on their use.
61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203021100004X; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3715
Country: CA

61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count

60 Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farm (Research paper; Trevisi, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Inflammatory response
Summary: A proper combination of herd data on opportunistic diseases and of farm-specific risk factors can lead to a substantial reduction of antibiotic usage in dairy farms. In this respect, the proper combination of clinical inspections, animal-based welfare parameters and predictive laboratory tests can give clues as to the environmental adaptation of dairy cows and define the animals at risk. The greater potential for disease control in the herd can justify the adoption of such a strategy on a sound cost/benefit basis.
60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528814000253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.001
Country: IT

60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms

59 Veterinarians’ attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced sales of Antimicrobials; shift in income to advisory services
Summary: In a questionnaire study to evaluate potential associations between veterinarians’ attitudes toward AMU and Selective DCT, they found the general attitude of Dutch dairy veterinarians toward reduction of AMU and SDCT was positive. Most expressed the belief that they can still be a ‘good’ veterinarian when they prescribe less antimicrobials. Veterinarians indicated they progressively promoted SDCT at the start of 2013. Results showed that veterinarians with a favourable attitude mentioned positive aspects of SDCT, such as an increased awareness of AMU amongst farmers, improving animal health, reducing AMR, and a chance to add value for the farmer, more often than other veterinarians with a less favourable view. The unfavourable group indicated negative aspects of SDCT more often, such as a higher risk of sick cows and feeling pressured to follow the rules. Given the influence veterinarians have on the attitudes of farmers and the variability in their own attitudes, veterinarians need specific attention if programs to encourage responsible AMU and SDCT amongst farmers are to work.
59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)30276-5/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13591
Country: NL

59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands

58 Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health, antimicrobial usage, and economics (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder Health; antimicrobial use; herd economics
Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate udder health, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and herd economics during the dry period and the first 100 d of lactation when using 8 varying scenarios for selecting cows for DCT, including a blanket DCT (BDCT) scenario. Clinical mastitis (CM) in the study herd varied from 11.6 to 14.5 cases per 10,000 cow-days at risk in the different scenarios, and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis varied from 38.8% in scenario 1 (BDCT) to 48.3% in scenario 8. Total AMU varied over the scenarios from 1.27 (scenario 8) to 3.15 (BDCT, scenario 1) Animal Daily Doses, leading to a 60% reduction in AMU for scenario 8 compared with BDCT. The total costs for each of the scenarios showed little variation. The effect of selective DCT on udder health, AMU and herd economics was influenced by SCC used to select cows. The greatest reduction in AMU was achieved under scenario 8.
58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30007-8/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9963
Country: NL

58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics

57 Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Clinical mastitis; SCC; Bacteriological status
Summary: This study evaluated selective Dry Cow Therapy (DCT) in cows with low somatic cell count (SCC) at the last milk recording before drying off in various Dutch dairy herds. The incidence rate of Clinical Mastitis (CM) was found to be 1.7 times higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics as compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. S.uberis was the main bug causing CM in both udders with and without DCT. SCC at calving and 14 d in milk was significantly higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. Selective DCT significantly increased the incidence of CM and SCC. The decrease in ABU by drying off quarters without DCT was not compensated by an increase in ABU for treating CM. Total ABU related to mastitis was reduced by 85% in these quarters.
57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214002951; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7655
Country: NL

57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows

56 Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine (Research paper; Ungemach, 2006)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: To reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) and minimize the development of resistance, compulsory guidelines for responsible use were published in Germany in 2000. Key elements of the guidelines are the use of antibiotics on the basis of an exact diagnosis, choosing a product with a narrow spectrum of activity, high safety margin and good tissue penetration, avoidance of critically important antibiotics, and adherence to the datasheet (no underdosing or prolonged dosing). Any deviations from the guidelines must be justified and recorded. Monitoring of AMU as medicated feed in pig production indicated a change in prescribing after guideline introduction. AMU declined from 4255 kg before the guidelines to 1145 kg by 2002, resulting in a reduction in the treatment days/animal from 31.6 to 13.6 days. The use of chlortetracycline decreased from 76% of the total antibiotics prescribed to 14.7% at the end of the study. These results suggest the responsible AMU guidelines have been an important tool to reduce AMU.
56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422106000634; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.059
Country: DE

56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine

55 Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: A questionnaire to understand veterinary attitudes towards prescribing antibiotics found veterinarians working across species were comparable in their opinions towards the Dutch policy to halve veterinary antibiotic consumption. Less experienced veterinarians and those working with ruminants reported difficulty resisting farmers’ or colleagues’ demands for antibiotics compared with veterinarians working with pigs/poultry/veal. Contrastingly, more experience was associated with being less concerned about the contribution of veterinarians to antimicrobial resistance, considering it more important to keep the right to prescribe and sell antibiotics. The main perceived reasons for non-compliance with veterinary advice by farmers were related to finances and time, although pig/poultry/veal veterinarians highlighted conflicting advice from other advisors as a cause for non-compliance. This study suggests that less experienced veterinarians might require support to resist pressure from farmers/colleagues. Additionally, experienced veterinarians could be educated about overuse of antibiotics. Alternative approaches should be identified for veterinarians to preserve an income from advising and to prevent contradictory advice being a barrier.
55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300039; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.014
Country: NL

55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals