Aim for zero antibiotics by 3 step approach

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Every year 700000 people die because of antimicrobial cross resistance. By 2050 the number will be multiplied by ten. Every 45 seconds someone dies because of antimicrobial cross resistance. By 2050 every 3 second someone will die.

It is clear that we have to aim for minimal – preferentially zero – use of antibiotics. Farmers can aim for use of zero antibiotics via a simple 3-step approach.

The first step deals with using a benchmark tool. Different examples are available such as undependent ones like Biocheck or commercial ones as shown in current video. Based on the outcomes of the benchmark tool, your veterinarian or coach at the farmer site can advise you on possible strategies to reduce antibiotics and subsequent antibiotic resistance. Finally, next to management and veterinarian solutions, your adviser can advise plenty of feed solutions together with nutritionists for alternative intervention at the different levels of the animal in order to secure animal health and performance.

Farmers across the globe are very satisfied with such simple 3-step approach as witnessed in the video.

81 Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management (Research report – Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): improve udder health management; incidence of clinical mastistis; bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC)
Summary: This study shows that communication strategies to change farmers’ management practices can be improved when both the aim of the strategy and farmers’ motivational differences to work on udder health are taken into account. When aiming at complex issues such as udder health, the traditional central route using educational tools seems to be effective in reaching the motivated farmers. In addition to the central route, the peripheral route can be applied to influence farmers’ behavior by including implicit persuasion techniques instead of arguments in campaigns. This route is especially effective for single management practices and when aiming at a less complicated message. To reach as many farmers as possible, both communication strategies should be used. The communication strategies described in this paper are examples of how management practices to control mastitis can be effectively communicated to farmers, which can be used in optimizing future programs to control and prevent diseases.
81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210715034; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2531
Country: NL

81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management

78 The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015 (Research paper; More, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: This study provided detailed insight into on-farm usage of intramammary antimicrobials in Ireland. It demonstrates positive national progress, particularly with respect to lactation antimicrobial usage, but also highlights areas for review and further research. In particular, blanket dry cow treatment in Ireland should be reconsidered. It is not possible to investigate farm-level variation in antimicrobial usage from national sales data. Several studies have investigated farm-level usage using data collected from drug sales or garbage can audits. Farm-level antimicrobial usage data are now routinely collected in several European countries, including Denmark and the Netherlands, where it is central to efforts to reduce antimicrobial usage in farm animal production. Centralizing data on farm-level antimicrobial use is also needed in Ireland to allow objective measurement and benchmarking of on-farm usage. More generally, standardized indicators to quantify antimicrobial usage in farm animals are urgently needed to allow country-level comparisons.
78 Research paper – More – 2017 – The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217305842; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12068
Country: IE

78 Research paper – More – 2017 – The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015

77 Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms (Research paper; Hyde, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Levels of antimicrobial usage (AMU) within the livestock industry have been cause of concern in connection to antimicrobial resistance. In order to identify factors associated with high AMU and set threshold for antimicrobial use (benchmarks) for dairy cattle AMU, data was gathered from 358 dairy farms using different types of methods.
Data analysis indicated that usage of antibiotics via oral and footbath routes increased the odds of a farm being part of the top antimicrobial users. While dairy cattle farm AMU was apparently lower than UK livestock average, some farms had extremely high AMU. Identification of these high use farms may be effective in targeting AMU reduction strategies and help reduce overall dairy cattle AMU.
77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/early/2017/12/06/vr.104614.full.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104614
Country: UK

77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms

74 Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy (Research paper; Higgins, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Approaches to antibiotic dry cow therapy
Summary: In the United Kingdom, blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (BDCT) is commonly prescribed. An alternate strategy is selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) whereby a teat sealant is given instead of an antibiotic to cows with a low probability of infection. Switching from BDCT to SDCT can significantly reduce antibiotic use. Initiatives that seek to alter vets’ perceptions of the risks associated with switching to using SDCT are likely to prove useful in facilitating change. Our results also suggest for senior vets should take a leading role in helping farms applying SDCT. When considering how best to make a change from BDCT to SDCT, we propose a broad approach that clearly recognizes that the issues blocking this change are very different for vets at different stages of their career. Vets must work together to promote switching to SDCT where appropriate, and senior vets must lead.
74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217300747; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11923
Country: UK

74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy

72 Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms (Research paper; Taverne, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial consumption
Summary: International comparison is necessary to establish regulations on veterinary antimicrobial use and reducing antimicrobial resistance. Our study revealed interesting differences in outcomes on antimicrobial consumption in pigs following the use of different animal defined daily dosages. Differences in outcomes in an animal species can be attributed to the applied animal defined daily dosage due to differences in authorized indications and dosages, but can also be a result of differences in prescription patterns between farm types at the level of therapeutic groups or even specific antimicrobials within those groups, next to the differences in animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights. This study underlines the urgent need for international harmonized units of measurement applicable in monitoring systems for antimicrobial use in livestock, such as generic animal defined daily dosages. But also harmonized animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights for all animal species included in monitoring programs should be established.
72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7
Country: NL

72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms

66 Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production (Research report)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health
Summary: Bad udder health management threatens human health due to zoonotic or antimicrobial resistant pathogens adapting to different environments. Mastitis prevention is essential in an effective and sustainable dairy production system. High quality milk with low SCC is crucial for product quality for the processing industry (cheese making). This will result in a reduction of food loss and food waste by producers, processors and consumers. Mastitis is one of the most frequent and important diseases in bovine milk production with high antimicrobial usage and a source of creating a potential acceleration on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The presented results will discuss data collected at country level on mastitis therapy and examine strategies to improve udder health for a sustainable dairy production.
66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production
Where to find the original material:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Sanchez_Mainar/publication/337363922_Mastitis_Prevention_and_Therapy_for_Sustainable_Dairy_Production/links/5dd410dd458515cd48abdc19/Mastitis-Prevention-and-Therapy-for-Sustainable-Dairy-Production.pdf;
Country: BE

66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production

64 Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs, Veal Calves, and Broilers in The Netherlands: Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of Data in 2011 (Research paper; Bos, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y); treatment days per year
Summary: Since 2011, the consumption of veterinary antimicrobial has been recorded in The Netherlands. These data are used to define benchmark indicators for veterinary consumption of antimicrobials. This paper presents the results of sector wide consumption of antimicrobials, for all pig, veal calf, and broiler farms. Data were used to calculate animal defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y) per pig or veal calf farm. For broiler farms, number of animal treatment days per year was calculated. Furthermore, data were used to calculate the consumption of specific antimicrobial classes per administration route per pig or veal calf farm. The distribution of antimicrobial consumption per farm varied greatly within and between farm categories. The insights obtained from the results of this study, and the full transparency obtained by monitoring antimicrobial consumption per farm, will help reduce antimicrobial consumption and help create implementation of antimicrobial stewardship.
64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804574/; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077525
Country: NL

64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of

62 Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina (Research paper, Pereyra, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial usage; Disease prevalence
Summary: Antimicrobial use in dairy cows and calves was estimated using standardized drug usage indicators in Argentina. In lactating dairy cows, intramammary usage accounted for the majority of total drug usage. All the surveyed disease cases in calf rearing units included treatment with antibiotics.
62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300404; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.019
Country: AR

62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina

60 Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farm (Research paper; Trevisi, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Inflammatory response
Summary: A proper combination of herd data on opportunistic diseases and of farm-specific risk factors can lead to a substantial reduction of antibiotic usage in dairy farms. In this respect, the proper combination of clinical inspections, animal-based welfare parameters and predictive laboratory tests can give clues as to the environmental adaptation of dairy cows and define the animals at risk. The greater potential for disease control in the herd can justify the adoption of such a strategy on a sound cost/benefit basis.
60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528814000253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.001
Country: IT

60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms