180 Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic (Industry Innovation)

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180 Industry Innovation – Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary:
The 8th ESVAC report presents data on the sales of veterinary antimicrobials from 30 European countries in 2016. The report describes changes in consumption of veterinary antimicrobials for the years 2010-2016 and focuses on the changes across time in each country. Explanations for the possible reasons for the changes in the various ESVAC participating countries have been provided. The Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group (AMEG) categories take into account the World Health Organization (WHO) categorisation of antimicrobials, the consumption of those antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, the hazards of zoonotic relevance in Europe and the risk of resistance transfer to humans. Category 2 of the AMEG categorisation includes those veterinary antimicrobials where the risk for public health is estimated to be higher than other classes of antimicrobials – fluoroquinolones, 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Macrolides are not included in Category 2 and a revision of the classification of AMEG is currently ongoing.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-30-european-countries-2016-trends-2010-2016-eighth-esvac_en.pdf;
Country: EU

501 No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management (Industry Innovation)

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Industry Innovation

No zinc and no antibiotics in pig management by Peter McKenzie

In Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health; Feed additives and supplements

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): more good live pigs; more heavier pigs 4 weeks post weaning

Summary: In this paper McKenzie shares his journey with the impact of E.coli on pig management – eventually without antibiotic and zinc oxide use.

After years of veterinary practice, he came to the following regime that results in more good live pigs and heavier pigs at 4 weeks post weaning with minimal or zero injectable antibiotic and no need for zinc oxide:

  • Attention to detail
  • All-in-all-out and hygiene
  • Quality weaner diet consisting of
    o Less than 18.5% protein;
    o European programme of coated butyric, formic and citric acid and Baccilus PB6
    o Korean programme of Algal immune stimulant.

The programme is usually cheaper than Zinc plus some antibiotics. Some farmers have been on the programme for over a year with success. Remove ZnO gently – if management is not as good as expected, and you have a very pathogenic E. coli, then E.coli may triumph over lack of ZnO.

Country: AU (Australia)

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Aim for zero antibiotics by 3 step approach

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Every year 700000 people die because of antimicrobial cross resistance. By 2050 the number will be multiplied by ten. Every 45 seconds someone dies because of antimicrobial cross resistance. By 2050 every 3 second someone will die.

It is clear that we have to aim for minimal – preferentially zero – use of antibiotics. Farmers can aim for use of zero antibiotics via a simple 3-step approach.

The first step deals with using a benchmark tool. Different examples are available such as undependent ones like Biocheck or commercial ones as shown in current video. Based on the outcomes of the benchmark tool, your veterinarian or coach at the farmer site can advise you on possible strategies to reduce antibiotics and subsequent antibiotic resistance. Finally, next to management and veterinarian solutions, your adviser can advise plenty of feed solutions together with nutritionists for alternative intervention at the different levels of the animal in order to secure animal health and performance.

Farmers across the globe are very satisfied with such simple 3-step approach as witnessed in the video.

81 Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management (Research report – Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): improve udder health management; incidence of clinical mastistis; bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC)
Summary: This study shows that communication strategies to change farmers’ management practices can be improved when both the aim of the strategy and farmers’ motivational differences to work on udder health are taken into account. When aiming at complex issues such as udder health, the traditional central route using educational tools seems to be effective in reaching the motivated farmers. In addition to the central route, the peripheral route can be applied to influence farmers’ behavior by including implicit persuasion techniques instead of arguments in campaigns. This route is especially effective for single management practices and when aiming at a less complicated message. To reach as many farmers as possible, both communication strategies should be used. The communication strategies described in this paper are examples of how management practices to control mastitis can be effectively communicated to farmers, which can be used in optimizing future programs to control and prevent diseases.
81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210715034; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2531
Country: NL

81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management

74 Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy (Research paper; Higgins, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Approaches to antibiotic dry cow therapy
Summary: In the United Kingdom, blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (BDCT) is commonly prescribed. An alternate strategy is selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) whereby a teat sealant is given instead of an antibiotic to cows with a low probability of infection. Switching from BDCT to SDCT can significantly reduce antibiotic use. Initiatives that seek to alter vets’ perceptions of the risks associated with switching to using SDCT are likely to prove useful in facilitating change. Our results also suggest for senior vets should take a leading role in helping farms applying SDCT. When considering how best to make a change from BDCT to SDCT, we propose a broad approach that clearly recognizes that the issues blocking this change are very different for vets at different stages of their career. Vets must work together to promote switching to SDCT where appropriate, and senior vets must lead.
74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217300747; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11923
Country: UK

74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy

66 Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production (Research report)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health
Summary: Bad udder health management threatens human health due to zoonotic or antimicrobial resistant pathogens adapting to different environments. Mastitis prevention is essential in an effective and sustainable dairy production system. High quality milk with low SCC is crucial for product quality for the processing industry (cheese making). This will result in a reduction of food loss and food waste by producers, processors and consumers. Mastitis is one of the most frequent and important diseases in bovine milk production with high antimicrobial usage and a source of creating a potential acceleration on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The presented results will discuss data collected at country level on mastitis therapy and examine strategies to improve udder health for a sustainable dairy production.
66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production
Where to find the original material:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Sanchez_Mainar/publication/337363922_Mastitis_Prevention_and_Therapy_for_Sustainable_Dairy_Production/links/5dd410dd458515cd48abdc19/Mastitis-Prevention-and-Therapy-for-Sustainable-Dairy-Production.pdf;
Country: BE

66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production

48 Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health status
Summary: The goal of this study was to identify a scenario with the lowest costs for mastitis associated with the dry period while restricting the percentage of cows that need to be dried off with dry cow antimicrobials. The costs of clinical/subclinical mastitis and the antimicrobial use were quantified. The economic impact of reducing the percentage of clinical mastitis was found to be much larger than reducing the bulk tank somatic cell count. The optimal percentage of cows to be dried off with antimicrobials depends on the udder health situation, expressed as the bulk tank somatic cell count and the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Selective dry cow treatment was economically more beneficial than blanket dry cow treatment, for all types of herds studied. Economic profits of selective dry cow treatment are greater if bulk tank somatic cell count and clinical mastitis incidence are lower.
48 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217311098; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13076
Country: NL

48 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment

19 Targeted mastitis treatment by The Danish Dairy Board (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies

Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): better udder health; best strategy for mastitis treatment
Summary: Definition and control of mastitis in dairy cows by Consultant Veterinary Surgeons of
The Danish Dairy Board. The prognosis and eventual strategy for treatment should be based upon described examinations and test results as well as the owner and vet’s knowledge of the individual cow.
In Denmark the preventative work and combating of mastitis is implemented by means of a close cooperation between The Danish Dairy Board, The Mastitis Laboratory, the dairy farmer and the local veterinary surgeon. This work is lead by the Leading Veterinary Surgeon who is appointed and authorized by The Food Inspection Directorate.
19 Farm Innovation – Targeted mastitis treatment by The Danish Dairy Board
Where to find the original material: (in English)
http://katholm.com/Tekstfiler/1%20mastitis%20THE%20SURVILIANCE%20AND%20CONTROL%20OF%20%20MASTITIS.pdf;
Country: DK

19 Farm Innovation – Targeted mastitis treatment by The Danish Dairy Board

Antibiotic use monitoring and benchmarking

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Measuring and monitoring antibiotic use has proven very helpful for one dairy farmer in the UK as seen in this video Mastitis – Monitoring prudent use of Antibiotics  

As part of a major retailer producer pool, this farmer’s milk buyer collected and benchmarked farm antibiotic usage against other dairy farmers in order to drive progress and help farmers see where improvements could be made. This was against a backdrop of national antibiotic reduction targets set by the Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance targets task force. This farm’s antibiotic use has been consistently below the national average and they completely eliminated the use of Critically Important Antibiotics as part of a farmer-led research project with the University of Bristol.  

The research project led by Dr Lisa Morgans encouraged farmers to learn from one another at regular farm workshops about practical ways they could improve animal health to reduce the need for antibiotics.  Medicine data was shared and each participant hosted their group twice on their farm for a farm walk and facilitated discussion. This helped farmers share knowledge and create practical solutions to improve animal health and welfare bespoke to their farms.  

Guidelines for antimicrobial resistance from the dairy sector

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Dairy farmers can set up biosecurity measures to prevent introduction of diseases and bacteria onto the farm; implement an effective herd health management programme, as well as for chronically infected cows; set up cleaning and disinfection strategies to prevent spread of diseases. Farmers need to ensure that the use of antimicrobials is based on adequate diagnostic and only used as directed, as well as avoid their preventive use. Withdrawal times must be respected and supported with a strategic residue testing of milk. Milking routines should not injure the animals or introduce contaminants into milk. Farmers should avoid feeding milk-containing residues to calves or other animals on the farm. Animal feed and water must be of suitable quantity and quality.  

Veterinary professionals ensure reliable diagnosis, prevention of diseases and consider alternatives to antimicrobial treatment. They should avoid treatment of incurable animals as well as self-curing diseases with antimicrobials, give clear advice on the appropriate use of an antimicrobial product, including the dose, rates and length of treatment, withholding periods, and recording. Veterinarians should declare and register to your national authorities all drugs prescribed on farm.  

The use of antimicrobials is only part of an animal health management programme that aims to limit disease in animals and improve animal welfare. Early detection of disease allows early intervention, and this minimises the need to use antimicrobials. Improved infection prevention and control measures limit disease spread and progressively reduce the usage of antimicrobial agents.