83 Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms: a cross-sectional study (Research paper; Rees, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Quantity of antimicrobial stored
Summary: Many studies measure antimicrobial use on dairy farms, but little is known about the quantity and the way antimicrobials are stored on farms. The majority of prescription treatments occur without a veterinarian being present, however the association between use of these treatments and farmer decision making is still unclear. To better understand this situation, data were collected from 27 dairy farms in England and Wales. Antimicrobials were the group of medicines most commonly stored. It was common to find expired medicines and medicines not licensed for use in dairy cattle, and of antimicrobials considered critical. The medicine resources available to farmers are likely to influence their treatment decisions; so, finding medicines present in farms can give an idea of what motivates farmers to choose use certain types of medicines. The results are also helpful for policy makers and researchers to get a better understanding of patterns of medicine use.
83 Research paper – Rees – 2019 – Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms_ a cross-sectional study
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6589450/; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105041
Country: UK

83 Research paper – Rees – 2019 – Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms_ a cross-sectional study

82 A participatory approach to design monitoring indicators of production diseases in organic dairy farms (Research paper; Duval, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd health indicators
Summary: The participatory approach used in these studies in France and Sweden led to the design of indicators that permit farmers to monitor simultaneously the major health and welfare indicators associated with production diseases in dairy cattle. The indicators were farm-specific, adapted to the farmer’s objectives, herd health situations and/or decision-making processes. Therefore, when designing decision support tools for farmers, scientists should not aim at ‘one-size fits all’ tools. The analysis of the discussions between farmers and advisors on the indicators revealed that scientists and farmers use herd health indicators differently. While scientists use indicators for between-herd comparisons, farmers are interested in within-herd comparisons. This participatory approach also created a dialogue between farmers and advisors, allowing advisors to understand animal health management as an integral part of the farm system and the farmer’s objectives. This understanding is crucial for advisors aiming to contribute to animal health planning activities of all farmers.
82 Research paper – Duval – 2016 – A participatory approach to design monitoring indicators of production diseases in organic dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587716301064; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.001
Country: FR; SE

82 Research paper – Duval – 2016 – A participatory approach to design monitoring indicators of production diseases in organic dairy farms

81 Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management (Research report – Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): improve udder health management; incidence of clinical mastistis; bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC)
Summary: This study shows that communication strategies to change farmers’ management practices can be improved when both the aim of the strategy and farmers’ motivational differences to work on udder health are taken into account. When aiming at complex issues such as udder health, the traditional central route using educational tools seems to be effective in reaching the motivated farmers. In addition to the central route, the peripheral route can be applied to influence farmers’ behavior by including implicit persuasion techniques instead of arguments in campaigns. This route is especially effective for single management practices and when aiming at a less complicated message. To reach as many farmers as possible, both communication strategies should be used. The communication strategies described in this paper are examples of how management practices to control mastitis can be effectively communicated to farmers, which can be used in optimizing future programs to control and prevent diseases.
81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210715034; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2531
Country: NL

81 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management

80 Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms: an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records ( Research paper; Firth, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;Beef;
Age: Young;Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use; Udder health
Summary: Since 2015, veterinarians have been required by law to report antimicrobials dispensed to farmers for use in food-producing animals. The study presented here collected data on antimicrobials dispensed to farmers and those administered by veterinarians.
Results show that dairy cattle in the study population in Austria were treated with antimicrobial agents at a relatively low and infrequent defined daily dose rate. The most frequently used antimicrobial group with respect to mastitis treatments was the beta-lactams, primarily penicillins, with third and fourth generation cephalosporins the most commonly used highest priority critically important antimicrobials with respect to both the proportion of herds treated and the number of defined daily doses administered per cow and year.
80 Research paper – Firth – 2017 – Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms_ an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records
Where to find the original material:
https://peerj.com/articles/4072/; https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4072
Country: AT

80 Research paper – Firth – 2017 – Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms_ an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records

79 Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage (Research paper; Jensen, 2004)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Standardized statistics are necessary for international comparison of usage, monitoring of national drug usage and for comparative studies of drug use. The defined animal daily dose is a better measure than the weight of active compound, but interpretation of trends in drug consumption also should include current knowledge of changes in the prescribed daily doses. To enable direct comparison of usage, the number of animals in the target population should be used as a baseline. Depending on the scope, information on number of animals may be obtained from different sources (such as animal-production data, existing registers or direct contact with the individual farmers). Application of standardized statistics will improve the basis for research and the ability to respond to problems of antimicrobial resistance in a targeted way and to evaluate the effect of informative or regulative measures taken to ensure prudent use.
79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587704000868; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.04.001
Country: DK

79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage

78 The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015 (Research paper; More, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: This study provided detailed insight into on-farm usage of intramammary antimicrobials in Ireland. It demonstrates positive national progress, particularly with respect to lactation antimicrobial usage, but also highlights areas for review and further research. In particular, blanket dry cow treatment in Ireland should be reconsidered. It is not possible to investigate farm-level variation in antimicrobial usage from national sales data. Several studies have investigated farm-level usage using data collected from drug sales or garbage can audits. Farm-level antimicrobial usage data are now routinely collected in several European countries, including Denmark and the Netherlands, where it is central to efforts to reduce antimicrobial usage in farm animal production. Centralizing data on farm-level antimicrobial use is also needed in Ireland to allow objective measurement and benchmarking of on-farm usage. More generally, standardized indicators to quantify antimicrobial usage in farm animals are urgently needed to allow country-level comparisons.
78 Research paper – More – 2017 – The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217305842; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12068
Country: IE

78 Research paper – More – 2017 – The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015

77 Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms (Research paper; Hyde, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Levels of antimicrobial usage (AMU) within the livestock industry have been cause of concern in connection to antimicrobial resistance. In order to identify factors associated with high AMU and set threshold for antimicrobial use (benchmarks) for dairy cattle AMU, data was gathered from 358 dairy farms using different types of methods.
Data analysis indicated that usage of antibiotics via oral and footbath routes increased the odds of a farm being part of the top antimicrobial users. While dairy cattle farm AMU was apparently lower than UK livestock average, some farms had extremely high AMU. Identification of these high use farms may be effective in targeting AMU reduction strategies and help reduce overall dairy cattle AMU.
77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/early/2017/12/06/vr.104614.full.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104614
Country: UK

77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms

76 The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands (Research paper; Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); Udder health
Summary: This study aimed to explore the effect of a national mastitis control program on Dutch farmers’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis.
Dairy farmers completed a survey on attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis before the start of a national mastitis control program in 2004, and 204 completed a similar survey in the final year of the program (2009). Although the average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) remained the same, the farmers’ self-reported attitudes, knowledge, and behavior changed significantly. The results show that a national mastitis control program can be successful in changing attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis. Results suggest an association between a change in BMSCC on individual farms and a change in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Although more research is needed to identify the long-term effect of these changes, this study can contribute to an increased understanding of the effects of animal health programs.
76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210006235; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3318
Country: NL

76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands

75 Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: Use and development of antimicrobial resistance (Research paper; Pyorala, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial resistance to macrolides; Antimicrobial resistance to lincosamides; Antimicrobial use of macrolides; Antimicrobial use of lincosamides
Summary: Macrolides and lincosamides (ML) are important antimicrobials for the treatment of infections in cattle and pigs, although rarely the only alternative. The most common indications for ML are the treatment of major swine gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and of bovine respiratory disease. There are quite a large number of old products containing ML in the EU, and updating and harmonising the dosing regimens of these products are necessary. Acquired resistance to ML antimicrobials has emerged, with the greatest increase in resistance in Brachyspira. In-feed medications and long-acting injections resulting in low concentrations of the active substance for long periods may particularly contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Macrolides are considered as critically important and lincosamides as highly important in human medicine, although mostly for non-food-borne infections. Prudent use of ML antimicrobials approved for food animals is of crucial importance to maintain the efficacy of these important therapeutic alternatives.
75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314000823; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028
Country: FI, DK, BE, NL, SE, ES, PT, LT, FR, UK,

75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance

74 Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy (Research paper; Higgins, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Approaches to antibiotic dry cow therapy
Summary: In the United Kingdom, blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (BDCT) is commonly prescribed. An alternate strategy is selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) whereby a teat sealant is given instead of an antibiotic to cows with a low probability of infection. Switching from BDCT to SDCT can significantly reduce antibiotic use. Initiatives that seek to alter vets’ perceptions of the risks associated with switching to using SDCT are likely to prove useful in facilitating change. Our results also suggest for senior vets should take a leading role in helping farms applying SDCT. When considering how best to make a change from BDCT to SDCT, we propose a broad approach that clearly recognizes that the issues blocking this change are very different for vets at different stages of their career. Vets must work together to promote switching to SDCT where appropriate, and senior vets must lead.
74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217300747; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11923
Country: UK

74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy