61 Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count (Research paper; Dufour, 2011)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals ; Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd somatic cell count
Summary: Thee scientific literature on relationships between management practices used on dairy farms and herd somatic cell count (SCC) is reviewed in this study. A large number of management practices have shown consistent associations with herd-level SCC when used in usual dairy settings. These practices should be the basis of udder health recommendations to dairy producers. Although many management practices have shown interesting associations with SCC, the lack of consistency observed should moderate reliance on their use.
61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203021100004X; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3715
Country: CA

61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count

60 Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farm (Research paper; Trevisi, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Inflammatory response
Summary: A proper combination of herd data on opportunistic diseases and of farm-specific risk factors can lead to a substantial reduction of antibiotic usage in dairy farms. In this respect, the proper combination of clinical inspections, animal-based welfare parameters and predictive laboratory tests can give clues as to the environmental adaptation of dairy cows and define the animals at risk. The greater potential for disease control in the herd can justify the adoption of such a strategy on a sound cost/benefit basis.
60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528814000253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.001
Country: IT

60 Research paper – Trevisi – 2014 – Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms

59 Veterinarians’ attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced sales of Antimicrobials; shift in income to advisory services
Summary: In a questionnaire study to evaluate potential associations between veterinarians’ attitudes toward AMU and Selective DCT, they found the general attitude of Dutch dairy veterinarians toward reduction of AMU and SDCT was positive. Most expressed the belief that they can still be a ‘good’ veterinarian when they prescribe less antimicrobials. Veterinarians indicated they progressively promoted SDCT at the start of 2013. Results showed that veterinarians with a favourable attitude mentioned positive aspects of SDCT, such as an increased awareness of AMU amongst farmers, improving animal health, reducing AMR, and a chance to add value for the farmer, more often than other veterinarians with a less favourable view. The unfavourable group indicated negative aspects of SDCT more often, such as a higher risk of sick cows and feeling pressured to follow the rules. Given the influence veterinarians have on the attitudes of farmers and the variability in their own attitudes, veterinarians need specific attention if programs to encourage responsible AMU and SDCT amongst farmers are to work.
59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)30276-5/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13591
Country: NL

59 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Veterinarians attitudes toward antimicrobial use and selective dry cow treatment in the Netherlands

58 Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health, antimicrobial usage, and economics (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder Health; antimicrobial use; herd economics
Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate udder health, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and herd economics during the dry period and the first 100 d of lactation when using 8 varying scenarios for selecting cows for DCT, including a blanket DCT (BDCT) scenario. Clinical mastitis (CM) in the study herd varied from 11.6 to 14.5 cases per 10,000 cow-days at risk in the different scenarios, and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis varied from 38.8% in scenario 1 (BDCT) to 48.3% in scenario 8. Total AMU varied over the scenarios from 1.27 (scenario 8) to 3.15 (BDCT, scenario 1) Animal Daily Doses, leading to a 60% reduction in AMU for scenario 8 compared with BDCT. The total costs for each of the scenarios showed little variation. The effect of selective DCT on udder health, AMU and herd economics was influenced by SCC used to select cows. The greatest reduction in AMU was achieved under scenario 8.
58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics
Where to find the original material:
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(16)30007-8/fulltext; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9963
Country: NL

58 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2015 – Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health antimicrobial usage and economics

57 Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Clinical mastitis; SCC; Bacteriological status
Summary: This study evaluated selective Dry Cow Therapy (DCT) in cows with low somatic cell count (SCC) at the last milk recording before drying off in various Dutch dairy herds. The incidence rate of Clinical Mastitis (CM) was found to be 1.7 times higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics as compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. S.uberis was the main bug causing CM in both udders with and without DCT. SCC at calving and 14 d in milk was significantly higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. Selective DCT significantly increased the incidence of CM and SCC. The decrease in ABU by drying off quarters without DCT was not compensated by an increase in ABU for treating CM. Total ABU related to mastitis was reduced by 85% in these quarters.
57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214002951; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7655
Country: NL

57 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2014 – Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows

56 Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine (Research paper; Ungemach, 2006)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: To reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) and minimize the development of resistance, compulsory guidelines for responsible use were published in Germany in 2000. Key elements of the guidelines are the use of antibiotics on the basis of an exact diagnosis, choosing a product with a narrow spectrum of activity, high safety margin and good tissue penetration, avoidance of critically important antibiotics, and adherence to the datasheet (no underdosing or prolonged dosing). Any deviations from the guidelines must be justified and recorded. Monitoring of AMU as medicated feed in pig production indicated a change in prescribing after guideline introduction. AMU declined from 4255 kg before the guidelines to 1145 kg by 2002, resulting in a reduction in the treatment days/animal from 31.6 to 13.6 days. The use of chlortetracycline decreased from 76% of the total antibiotics prescribed to 14.7% at the end of the study. These results suggest the responsible AMU guidelines have been an important tool to reduce AMU.
56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422106000634; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.059
Country: DE

56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine

55 Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: A questionnaire to understand veterinary attitudes towards prescribing antibiotics found veterinarians working across species were comparable in their opinions towards the Dutch policy to halve veterinary antibiotic consumption. Less experienced veterinarians and those working with ruminants reported difficulty resisting farmers’ or colleagues’ demands for antibiotics compared with veterinarians working with pigs/poultry/veal. Contrastingly, more experience was associated with being less concerned about the contribution of veterinarians to antimicrobial resistance, considering it more important to keep the right to prescribe and sell antibiotics. The main perceived reasons for non-compliance with veterinary advice by farmers were related to finances and time, although pig/poultry/veal veterinarians highlighted conflicting advice from other advisors as a cause for non-compliance. This study suggests that less experienced veterinarians might require support to resist pressure from farmers/colleagues. Additionally, experienced veterinarians could be educated about overuse of antibiotics. Alternative approaches should be identified for veterinarians to preserve an income from advising and to prevent contradictory advice being a barrier.
55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300039; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.014
Country: NL

55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals

53 Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy farms

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd-level prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli
Summary: This study estimated the herd-level prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, specifically ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli among Dutch dairy farms. No association was found between the total AMU and the ESBL/AmpC herd status. The use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, however, was associated with an increased odds of having a positive ESBL/AmpC herd status and seems important in reducing ESBL/AmpC. Four other management factors were also found to be associated with the ESBL/AmpC status of dairy herds: treatment of all cases of clinical mastitis with antimicrobials, a higher proportion of calves treated with antimicrobials, not applying teat sealants in all cows at dry off, and the use of a floor scraper (which is probably not a true risk factor). Also ESBL/AmpC could frequently be cultured from slurry samples collected from Dutch dairy farms.
53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030216306257; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11134
Country: NL

53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy

51 Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming: Experiences from an Intervention Study to Control Livestock-Associated MRSA (Research paper; Dorado-Garcia, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): decrease in MRSA prevalence
Summary: A Dutch policy was set in place in 2010 promoting a reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals. In this context, a study evaluated 2 different strategies: a. with reducing of antimicrobials and b. with reduction of antimicrobials and with a cleaning and disinfection program. These results suggest that AMU reduction might be a good strategy for reducing MRSA in veal calf farming, however the effect of the cleaning and disinfection protocol used in this study was not effective. The study indicates that the long term AMU decrease is likely to lower MRSA levels in people living and/or working in veal farms.
51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming
Where to find the original material:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135826; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135826
Country: NL

51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Fa

50 Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: Veterinarians are responsible for prescribing and overseeing antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals. An understanding of veterinarians’ prescribing practices can help to design interventions to reduce AMU in farming. This Dutch study identified factors that influence farm veterinarian prescribing. Research interviews with eleven farm veterinarians were conducted and analysed. There were many conflicting interests identified regarding antimicrobial prescribing by veterinarians. A veterinarian’s professional obligation to reduce animal suffering, financial dependency on clients, risk avoidance, concerns about own skills, lack of farmers’ compliance to veterinary recommendations, public health interests and personal beliefs regarding their contribution to AMR, were found to be factors in antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of farm veterinarians. Interventions to change prescribing behaviour could address veterinary attitudes, advisory skills and provide tools to deal with (perceived) pressure from farmers to prescribe antimicrobials. Policy measures could support farm veterinarians to shift to a more independent animal health consultant role.
50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12168; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12168
Country: NL

50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study