183 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs by Australian Veterinary Association (Industry Innovation)

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183 Industry Innovation – Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs by Australian Veterinary Association

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary:
The Australian veterinary profession and livestock industries have a long history of addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In particular, the veterinary profession has worked in close cooperation with animal industries and governments to implement the seven objectives of Australia’s First National Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2015-19 (National Strategy). The antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs addresses the second objective of the National Strategy. This objective requires us to ‘implement effective antimicrobial stewardship practices across human health and animal care settings to ensure the appropriate and judicious prescribing, dispensing and administering of antimicrobials’. These guidelines for the Australian pig veterinarian are a handy ‘go-to’ resource, as they have been developed specifically for Australian conditions and contain the most contemporary knowledge available on AMR. One of the key objectives of any antimicrobial stewardship program is to reduce the use of antimicrobials.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ava.com.au/siteassets/resources/fighting-antimicrobial-resistance/antimicrobial-prescribing-guidelines-for-pigs.pdf;
Country: AU

182 Categorisation of antibiotics used in animals promotes responsible use to protect public and animal health by EMA (Tools & Checklists)

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182 ToolsChecklists – Categorisation of antibiotics used in animals promotes responsible use to protect public and animal health by EMA

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age:
Summary:
Veterinarians are encouraged to check and consider EMA’s updated scientific advice on the categorisation of antibiotics when prescribing these medicines for animals in their care. This categorisation can also be used as a tool for the preparation of treatment guidelines. The scientific advice ranks antibiotics by considering both the risk that their use in animals causes to public health through the possible development of antimicrobial resistance and the need to use them in veterinary medicine. The update takes into account the World Health Organization’s CIA list, i.e. those of most relevance for human health. The EMA also evaluated the impact of the route of administration on the selection of AMR and included its conclusions in a separate list to consider when prescribing antibiotics. The classification now comprises four categories, from A to D: Avoid, Restrict, Caution and Prudence.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/categorisation-antibiotics-european-union-answer-request-european-commission-updating-scientific_en.pdf;
Country: EU;

181 UK Veterinary Antibiotic Resistance and Sales Surveillance (VARSS) Report 2018 by Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) (Industry Innovation)

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181 Industry Innovation – UK Veterinary Antibiotic Resistance and Sales Surveillance (VARSS) Report 2018 by Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD)

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
In the UK, pharmaceutical companies have reported the quantity of authorised veterinary antibiotics sold throughout the country to the VMD since 1993; this has been a statutory requirement since 2005. Sales of veterinary antibiotics for use in food-producing animals, adjusted for animal population, were 29.5 mg/kg; a 3 mg/kg (9%) and 33mg/kg (53%) decrease since 2017 and 2014 respectively. Sales of highest priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIAs) in food-producing animals dropped by a further 0.4 tonnes (18%) from an already low level in 2017; a drop of 3.1 tonnes (66%) since 2014. Overall, tetracyclines remain the most sold antibiotic class (38%), followed by beta-lactams (27%) and trimethoprim/sulphonamides (10%). Sales of HP-CIAs in all animal species represent a small proportion (0.7%) of the overall antibiotic sales.

Where to find the original material: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/842678/PCDOCS-_1705145-v1-UK-VARSS_2018_Report__2019__FINAL_v2.pdf;
Country: UK

180 Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic (Industry Innovation)

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180 Industry Innovation – Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016. Trends from 2010 to 2016 8th ESVAC report by European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimic

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary:
The 8th ESVAC report presents data on the sales of veterinary antimicrobials from 30 European countries in 2016. The report describes changes in consumption of veterinary antimicrobials for the years 2010-2016 and focuses on the changes across time in each country. Explanations for the possible reasons for the changes in the various ESVAC participating countries have been provided. The Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group (AMEG) categories take into account the World Health Organization (WHO) categorisation of antimicrobials, the consumption of those antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, the hazards of zoonotic relevance in Europe and the risk of resistance transfer to humans. Category 2 of the AMEG categorisation includes those veterinary antimicrobials where the risk for public health is estimated to be higher than other classes of antimicrobials – fluoroquinolones, 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Macrolides are not included in Category 2 and a revision of the classification of AMEG is currently ongoing.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-30-european-countries-2016-trends-2010-2016-eighth-esvac_en.pdf;
Country: EU

179 Mastitis pattern analysis tool by University of Nottingham and QMMS (Tools & Checklists)

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179 ToolsChecklists – Mastitis pattern analysis tool by University of Nottingham and QMMS

Precision Livestock Farming & Early detection \ Big data
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age:
Summary:
This Excel spreadsheet-based tool identifies problem areas and potential risks to udder health and gives farmers and vets a way of tracking progress in the herd. The tool will analyse data from your individual herd and produces a report on the pattern of mastitis on your farm. It will also identify the predominant mastitis infection pattern present on your farm. The tool allows you to input data from bulk milk tank readings, somatic cell count data and mastitis records to calculate what sorts of mastitis you have in your herd and what measures can be taken to control mastitis outbreaks and reduce your mastitis rate. This will allow farmers and vets to work together to assess and prioritise key management areas and potentially detect emerging problems. Milk recording herds are at an advantage as cow SCC information is readily available.

Where to find the original material: http://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/mastitis-pattern-tool/#.Xuu6tuco_IU;
Country: United Kingdom;

178 University of Nottingham dairy calf milk replacer calculator by University of Nottingham (Tools & Checklists)

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178 ToolsChecklists – University of Nottingham dairy calf milk replacer calculator by University of Nottingham

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age:
Summary:
This Excel spreadsheet-based calculator works out the approximate energy requirements for a pre weaned dairy heifer and the amount of energy provided by milk replacer. Nutritional specifications of the milk replacer will be required including the amount and concentration of milk replacer used. All you need to do is enter the required information in the yellow highlighted squares and it will do the calculations for you. There is also additional functions for cold days and for different growth rates.

Where to find the original material: https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/resources-library/technical-information/health-welfare/calf-milk-replacer-energy-calculator/#.Xuu4M-co_IU ;
Country: United Kingdom;

177 Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms (Research paper – Rojo-Gimeno, 2016)

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177 Research paper – Rojo-Gimeno – 2016 – Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms

Biosecurity \ Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
In the present study the economic impact of reduction of antimicrobial use coupled with improved management strategies, particularly biosecurity strategies was analysed. Interventions on antimicrobial use reduction were performed on farrow-to-finish pig farms in Flanders (northern region of Belgium). Results show costs of new biosecurity measures (median + 3.96 euro/sow/year), and new vaccinations (median 0.00/sow/year) did not exceed the cost reduction achieved by lowering the use of antimicrobials (median − 7.68 euro/sow/year). No negative effect of reducing antimicrobial use was observed on technical parameters and mortality of the finishers was reduced by −1.1%. Even after a substantial reduction of the antimicrobial treatments, the difference of the enterprise profit increased by + 2.67 euro/finisher pig/year after implementing these changes. The results of this study can be used by veterinarians and other stakeholders to persuade managers of farrow-to-finish operations to use biosecurity practices as a cost-effective way to reduce antimicrobial use.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317325; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.001
Country: BE

176 Association between antimicrobial usage biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms (Research paper – Raasch , 2018)

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176 Research paper – Raasch – 2018 – Association between antimicrobial usage biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms

Biosecurity \ Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
In this study, comprising in 60 German farrow-to- finish herds, the variations of high and low usage the treatment incidence per age group were analyzed and linked to biosecurity measures, and herd management characteristics. Weaned pigs received most of the treatments followed by suckling pigs. Suckling pigs were very often treated with critically important antimicrobials. The number of sows and a low score for external biosecurity were associated with a higher antimicrobial usage in pigs from birth till slaughter. Herds with a higher treatment incidence in growing pigs: i) were located in a region with a high pig density ii) had less strict control for visitors and personnel and iii) had lower ‘cleaning and disinfection’ scores (internal biosecurity). Herds with a higher treatment incidence in breeding pigs weaned more piglets per sow and year and scored better in the internal biosecurity level

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564434; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-018-0106-5
Country: DE; BE; CH

175 Evolution of antimicrobial use on French pig farms from 2010 to 2016 through the INAPORC panels (Research paper – Hemonic, 2019)

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175 Research paper – Hemonic – 2019 – Evolution of antimicrobial use on French pig farms from 2010 to 2016 through the INAPORC panels

AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
The purpose of this study was to understand the major areas of reduction in antibiotic use over six years, through the INAPORC panels, which were surveys of representative samples of farms performed in 2010, 2013 and 2016. Over the six years, the mean number of treatment days significantly decreased for all age categories of animals. However, for sows the decrease was less marked (-7%) than for suckling piglets (-28%), weaned piglets (-70%) and fatteners (-71%). Other major results included a considerable decrease in the use of critically important antibiotics (kept in priority for human medicine), premixes and colistin. This did not result in increased use of other digestive antibiotics or in a massive use of zinc oxide (16% of farms using zinc oxide in 2016). The INAPORC panel contributes to providing detailed references on antibiotic use in pig production and demonstrates the continued commitment to improving current practices.

Where to find the original material: http://www.journees-recherche-porcine.com/texte/2019/santeanimale/s06.pdf;
Country: FR

174 Opinions of veterinarians on antimicrobial use in farm animals in Flanders and the Netherlands (Research paper – Postma, 2016)

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174 Research paper – Postma – 2016 – Opinions of veterinarians on antimicrobial use in farm animals in Flanders and the Netherlands

Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
This study aimed to assess opinions of veterinarians from the Netherlands and Flanders regarding antimicrobial use and resistance issues in farm animals. A survey was answered by 174 and 437 veterinarians from Flanders and the Netherlands, respectively. The most important cause for high antimicrobial use in farm animals was poor climate conditions. Flemish veterinarians also regarded insufficient biosecurity measures and farmers’ mentality as important factors, while the Dutch ranked insufficient immunity of young animals and economic considerations of farmers as major causes. Most Dutch vets supported the policy to halve veterinary antimicrobial use, while only about 33% of Flemish vets supported this policy. Improvements in housing and climate conditions, biosecurity measures and control of specific infectious diseases were considered important in reducing antimicrobial use. To reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals, some approaches might be applicable in both countries, but cultural, political and societal differences should also be considered.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27313178; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103618
Country: BE; NL