Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms: A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobials (Research paper; Dohmen, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Farmer ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Presence of ESBL-E. coli; antimicrobial use; cephalosporin use at the farm
Summary: This study determined prevalence of ESBL-E. coli on pig farms and the effect of reducing veterinary antimicrobial use (AMU) and farm management practices on ESBL-E. coli occurrence on pig farms. During 2011 and 2013, 36 Dutch conventional pig farms participated in a longitudinal study (4 sampling times in 18 months). The number of farms with ESBL-E. coli carrying pigs decreased from 16 to 10 and the prevalence of ESBL-E. coli-positive pig samples halved from 27% to 13%.
The presence of ESBL-E. coli carrying pigs was not related to total AMU, but it was strongly determined by the presence or absence of cephalosporin use at the farm. Other farm management factors, related with improved biosecurity, were less frequently seen in ESBL-E. coli-positive farms (e.g. presence of a hygiene lock, pest control delivered by a professional). In conclusion, ESBL-E. coli prevalence decreased in pigs during 2011 and 2013 in the Netherlands.
54 Research paper – Dohmen – 2017 – Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms_A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobial
Where to find the original material:
http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/359723/journal.pone.0174094.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174094
Country: NL

54 Research paper – Dohmen – 2017 – Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms_A longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobial

53 Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy farms

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd-level prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli
Summary: This study estimated the herd-level prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, specifically ESBL- and AmpC-producing E. coli among Dutch dairy farms. No association was found between the total AMU and the ESBL/AmpC herd status. The use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, however, was associated with an increased odds of having a positive ESBL/AmpC herd status and seems important in reducing ESBL/AmpC. Four other management factors were also found to be associated with the ESBL/AmpC status of dairy herds: treatment of all cases of clinical mastitis with antimicrobials, a higher proportion of calves treated with antimicrobials, not applying teat sealants in all cows at dry off, and the use of a floor scraper (which is probably not a true risk factor). Also ESBL/AmpC could frequently be cultured from slurry samples collected from Dutch dairy farms.
53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030216306257; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11134
Country: NL

53 Research paper – Gonggrijp – 2016 – Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum b-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy

51 Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Other
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young;Adult;
Summary: Bacteriophages or simply are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria. Within these bacteria, they replicate and produce new virus particles which are set free as soon as the bacteria either disintegrates or explodes. This capacity of being able to destroy bacteria makes phages powerful antimicrobials and exactly that characteristic could be exploited while treating various infectious diseases, i.e. by phage treatment.
The number of studies about phage therapy is growing, indicating that more data will become available about phage and enzybiotic efficacy and safety.
Advantages and disadvantages are discussed and the article ends with perspectives for the future. One of the most important problems before commercialization of products is the lack of clear regulations. Therefore it is essential to continue contributing necessary data, so authorities can understand the real value of their later use.
52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.poultryworld.net/Health/Articles/2019/2/Pros-and-cons-of-using-phages-388607E/;
Country: USA

52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs

51 Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming: Experiences from an Intervention Study to Control Livestock-Associated MRSA (Research paper; Dorado-Garcia, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): decrease in MRSA prevalence
Summary: A Dutch policy was set in place in 2010 promoting a reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals. In this context, a study evaluated 2 different strategies: a. with reducing of antimicrobials and b. with reduction of antimicrobials and with a cleaning and disinfection program. These results suggest that AMU reduction might be a good strategy for reducing MRSA in veal calf farming, however the effect of the cleaning and disinfection protocol used in this study was not effective. The study indicates that the long term AMU decrease is likely to lower MRSA levels in people living and/or working in veal farms.
51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming
Where to find the original material:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135826; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135826
Country: NL

51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Fa

50 Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: Veterinarians are responsible for prescribing and overseeing antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals. An understanding of veterinarians’ prescribing practices can help to design interventions to reduce AMU in farming. This Dutch study identified factors that influence farm veterinarian prescribing. Research interviews with eleven farm veterinarians were conducted and analysed. There were many conflicting interests identified regarding antimicrobial prescribing by veterinarians. A veterinarian’s professional obligation to reduce animal suffering, financial dependency on clients, risk avoidance, concerns about own skills, lack of farmers’ compliance to veterinary recommendations, public health interests and personal beliefs regarding their contribution to AMR, were found to be factors in antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of farm veterinarians. Interventions to change prescribing behaviour could address veterinary attitudes, advisory skills and provide tools to deal with (perceived) pressure from farmers to prescribe antimicrobials. Policy measures could support farm veterinarians to shift to a more independent animal health consultant role.
50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12168; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12168
Country: NL

50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study

49: 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Feed / gut health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Effects social and/or public health positively
Summary: Some EU forerunners in pig husbandry have been successful at reducing antimicrobials without sacrificing productivity or performance. Three antimicrobial reduction take-home messages, inspired by forerunners’ success are discussed in this article. In field studies it is shown how multi-stakeholder approach can help achieve goals while reducing their reliance on antimicrobials.
Take home message 1: benchmarking optimises success
Take home message 2: it is all about prevention
Take home message 3: an integrated approach is key
Concluding: Plan, do, check and act:
Scientific insights applied to practical approaches on customer farms show that a multi-stakeholder approach, integrating feed, farm and health management can help swine farmers achieve production goals while reducing or eliminating their reliance on antimicrobials.
49 Farm Innovation – 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/6/3-Lessons-to-reduce-antimicrobials-in-pigs-432402E/?cmpid=NLC%7Cpigprogress_focus%7C2019-06-21%7C3_Lessons_to_reduce_antimicrobials_in_pigs&fbclid=IwAR1VZ66yhBdm6B9dX-QjXYS27PRpllj_byYlZlcD3Ccn-63hmgaB1mU
Country: EU

49 Farm Innovation – 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA

48 Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment (Research paper; Scherpenzeel, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health status
Summary: The goal of this study was to identify a scenario with the lowest costs for mastitis associated with the dry period while restricting the percentage of cows that need to be dried off with dry cow antimicrobials. The costs of clinical/subclinical mastitis and the antimicrobial use were quantified. The economic impact of reducing the percentage of clinical mastitis was found to be much larger than reducing the bulk tank somatic cell count. The optimal percentage of cows to be dried off with antimicrobials depends on the udder health situation, expressed as the bulk tank somatic cell count and the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Selective dry cow treatment was economically more beneficial than blanket dry cow treatment, for all types of herds studied. Economic profits of selective dry cow treatment are greater if bulk tank somatic cell count and clinical mastitis incidence are lower.
48 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217311098; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13076
Country: NL

48 Research paper – Scherpenzeel – 2018 – Economic optimization of selective dry cow treatment

47 Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Other
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Flock health plans have evolved from assurance scheme checklists to the foundations of an active partnership between farmer and vet. The benefits of a documented health plan and its potential to improve production and performance are discussed.
In the past health plans were often shelved by producers who saw them as a box-ticking exercise, required only to demonstrate that the farm complied with assurance scheme rules.
The plan is now often used as a dynamic document that not only sets out procedures but also serves to highlight issues that arise during a production cycle. The components of the plans have also changed – fuelled by the ongoing drive to cut antibiotic use.
Topics that are discussed are among others vaccination programmes, biosecurity planning and contingency planning.
47 Farm Innovation – Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2018/5/How-to-get-the-most-from-a-poultry-flock-health-plan-287225E/;
Country: UK

47 Farm Innovation – Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service

46 GERM MAP free colostrum by Flandres Animal Health (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Early feeding (colostrum/feed) – Early feeding (colostrum/feed)
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Summary: Survey about colostrum:
When colostrum is infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), 90% of the germs can be eliminated on-farm using a curdling process. When an externally-located centrifugation treatment is used, this rate increases to 98%. Both methods keep the required amounts of life-sustaining bioactive proteins while the prevention of intestinal infections is strongly reduced.
From the project results, it appears that farmers whose cattle have a limited infection can treat their colostrum on farm. For heavier infections external treatment is recommended.
46 Farm Innovation – GERM MAP free colostrum by Flandres Animal Health
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/language/en-US/EN/Press-and-Media/Newsletter/Survey/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3927/Germ-free-colostrum-Reduction-of-Mycobacterium-avium-subsp-paratuberculosis-MAP-in-cow-colostrum.aspx#.XodPp4gzZPZ;
Country: BE

46 Farm Innovation – GERM MAP free colostrum by Flandres Animal Health

44 Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy (Research paper; Zecconi, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health status
Summary: It is crucial to define a consistent and approved procedure to identify cows that need to be treated in a selective dry cow therapy approach. Somatic cell counts (SCC) from milk test records are a convenient, accurate and certified method. SCC values obtained before drying off or calculated as the average of lactation records can be used. The thresholds of 100,000 cells for primiparous cows and of 200,000 cells for pluriparous cows are suggested as an efficient and sustainable decision tool.
44 Research paper – Zecconi – 2018 – Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1532328; https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1532328
Country: IT

44 Research paper – Zecconi – 2018 – Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy