118 FAAST- Farmed Animal Antimicorbial Stewardship Veterinary Reference Manual by ACER Consulting and Ontario Veterinary Medical Association ( Industry Innovation)

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118 Industry Innovation – FAAST- Farmed Animal Antimicorbial Stewardship Veterinary Reference Manual by ACER Consulting and Ontario Veterinary Medical Association

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary:

The Canadian government has developed a One Health strategy to address AMR across the country. Veterinarians are key to antimicrobial stewardship and are advised to use the 5 Rs: Responsibility Reduction Refinement Replacement Review There have been several policy changes in Canada in recent years (2018-2019) pertaining to the prescription and purchasing of antimicrobials due to the ease in which some antimicrobials were available without a prescription for purchase by animal owners. Animal owners will no longer be able to import medication for use on their own animals and they will need to purchase antimicrobials from a veterinarian/pharmacy/feed mill within Canada. Additionally, a valid VCPR (Vet-Client-Patient-Relationship) must be established prior to a veterinarian providing services to a client/their animal. Health Canada is also increasing its oversight of medically important antimicrobial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) for veterinary use, including their import/manufacture/distribution. The federal changes now require all importers/ manufacturers etc. of APIs for veterinary use to obtain a license, comply with industry guidelines and report sales to Government annually. Furthermore, there will no longer be growth promotion claims on drug products containing medically important antimicrobials (MIAs).

www.amstewardship.ca;

Country: CA

117 Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA (Tools & Checklists)

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117 ToolsChecklists – Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;
Summary:

Infection status is a key factor to consider when deciding on your treatment thresholds for selective dry cow therapy. An elevated somatic cell count (>200,000 cells per ml) is considered an infection and more than one SCC should be used to determine infection status. Using SCC as a guide along with examination of the udder/teats for any abnormal changes should give an indicator of infection status. For practical purposes, cows should have had no recent clinical cases of mastitis (i.e. in the last lactation) and the last 3 somatic cell counts for that lactation should have been <200,000 cells per ml if internal teat sealant is to be used alone. Other recognised tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis may also be used e.g. conductivity. Finally, whatever product is used at drying off, an aseptic technique is essential.
117 ToolsChecklists – Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Dry Cow Management – A Guide by RUMA

https://www.ruma.org.uk/cattle/responsible-use-of-antimicrobials-in-dry-cow-management/

Country: United Kingdom;

116 Information note on antibiotic resistance and the responsible use of antibiotics in farm animals by RUMA (Industry Innovation)

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116 Industry Innovation – INFORMATION NOTE ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND THE RESPONSIBLE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN FARM ANIMALS by RUMA

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Summary:
The Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance (RUMA) is an alliance of over 26 industry organisations representing every stage of food production from “farm to fork”. See www.ruma.org.uk/about/ruma-members for full list of current member organisations. RUMA aims to promote a co-ordinated and integrated approach to best practice in the use of medicines for farm animals. RUMA provides free guidance to farmers and vets on the responsible and effective use of medicines in agriculture. Responsible use of antibiotics on farms means using antibiotics as little as possible and as much as necessary. Regardless of the farming system, the focus for improved animal husbandry should include improved biosecurity practices and on-going vet and farmer training on disease prevention and the responsible use of antibiotics.

https://www.ruma.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/RUMA-NOTE-ON-AMR-AND-THE-RESPONSIBLE-USE-OF-ANTIBIOTICS-IN-FARM-ANIMALS-Final-updated-130420-1;
Country: UK

115 Avoiding Milk Antibiotic Residues by British Veterinary Cattle Association (Tools & Checklists)

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115 ToolsChecklists – Avoiding Milk Antibiotic Residues by British Veterinary Cattle Association

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Farmer
Species targeted: Dairy;

Summary: This practical guide to avoiding milk antibiotic residues is available via a poster from the BCVA (British Cattle Veterinary Association), with pointers on how dairy farmers can make sure their milk always meets the stringent antibiotic residues standards.
Unless advised by your veterinary surgeon, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the correct number of treatments, between treatments and withholding time. If in doubt, consult your veterinary surgeon, who may recommend the use of an antibiotic residue test.
You must ensure milk is clear of antibiotics and this is part of your milk contract. Follow data sheet and vet advice on all treatments. If you vary treatment (combinations of products, or vary dose, frequency or prolong treatment) this can affect withdrawal times. A minimum 7-day milk withdrawal must be applied and the milk tested before being put in the tank.

https://www.bva.co.uk/take-action/our-policies/anthelmintic-resistance-and-responsible-use-in-livestock/
Country: United Kingdom

114 Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock by British Vet Association (Industry Innovation)

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114 Industry Innovation – Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock by British Vet Association

114 Industry Innovation
Anthelmintic resistance and responsible use in livestock
by British Vet Association
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: Anthelmintics must be used responsibly as part of a farm-specific strategic anthelmintic plan. All prescribers of Anthelmintics (to include Vets and Suitably Qualified Persons) should:• use diagnostic information for each parasite risk period to ensure treatment of only those animals that need it• target the drug used to the parasite to be treated• treat based on actual body weight• understand the interplay of other host species and intermediate host species• advise that newly treated animals should not be moved immediately onto clean pasture• explain and emphasise the importance of quarantining incoming animals, assessing their parasite burden, faecal worm egg counts, and response to treatment• investigate suspected cases of resistance and advise on the selection of alternatives from other classes of anthelmintic drugs• report suspected cases of lack of efficacy to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate• encourage holistic and integrated preventive strategies.

https://www.bva.co.uk/take-action/our-policies/anthelmintic-resistance-and-responsible-use-in-livestock
Country: UK

113 Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals by CVO (Industry Innovation)

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113 Industry Innovation – Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals by CVO

113 Industry Innovation
Position Statement – Veterinary Stewardship of the Responsible Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Animals
by CVO
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species
Summary: The authority to prescribe drugs is a privilege that is afforded to few professions. The increase in antimicrobial resistance has placed an even higher societal duty on the veterinary profession to act as stewards with respect to the prudent and responsible use of antimicrobial drugs. Every veterinarian has a valuable role to play in the effort to combat antimicrobial resistance and to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and their availability for both veterinary and human use. As part of good stewardship, the College Veterinarians in Ontario expects a veterinarian to assume an active leadership role by ensuring his or her understanding of the need for antimicrobial oversight, the existing government directives, the evolving science related to pharmaceuticals, and the most appropriate current use of antimicrobial drugs with a specific species. A veterinarian must only prescribe antimicrobial drugs within a veterinarian-client-patient relationship and where strong clinical evidence demonstrates medical need.

https://cvo.org/CVO/media/College-of-Veterinarians-of-Ontario/Resources%20and%20Publications/Position%20Statements%20and%20Guidelines/AMRPositionStatement.pdf;

Country: CA

112 Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract (Research paper; Catry, 2016)

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112 Research paper – Catry – 2016 – Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract

112 Research paper
Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract
by Catry, B., Dewulf, J., Maes, D., Pardon, B., Callens, B., Vanrobaeys, M., Opsomer, G., de Kruif, A. and F. Haesebrouck. 2016 PLOS ONE 11: e0146488 (16p.)
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The relationship between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in cattle was investigated in this study. Three types of production system were investigated for 2 years, for a total of 25 herds: 10 dairy, 10 beef, and 5 veal herds. Two different types of bacteria were sampled for the monitoring of intestinal and nasal resistance. The use of antimicrobials was recorded on 15 of these farms (5 of each production type). Antimicrobial resistance rates for 12 antimicrobial agents demonstrated large differences between intensively reared veal calves and more extensively reared dairy and beef cattle. Data analysis showed a strong relation between intensity of antimicrobial use and increased resistance. Antimicrobials given in orally in low doses and antimicrobials used preventively as group medication promoted the rise of multi-drug resistance in bacteria from the digestive and respiratory system.

Country: BE

111 Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds (Research paper; Callens, 2012)

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111 Research paper – Callens – 2012 – Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds

111 Research paper
Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds
by Callens, B., Persoons, D., Maes, D., Laanen, M., Postma, M., Boyen, F., Haesebrouck, F., Butaye, P., Catry, B. and J. Dewulf. 2012 Preventive Veterinary Medicine 106: 53-62
In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: The guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials are not yet implemented in Belgium. Between January and October 2010 data antimicrobial use was collected retrospectively on 50 closed pig herds. An overall higher use of prophylactic antimicrobial group level therapy was recorded in 2010 compared to 2003. This shift was marked by a partial yet substantial replacement of older, orally administered compounds by new injectable long acting products. The most frequently used antimicrobials orally applied to groups of pigs were colistin (30.7%), amoxicillin (30.0%), trimethoprim-sulfonamides (13.1%), doxycycline (9.9%) and tylosin (8.1%). The most frequently applied injectable antimicrobials were tulathromycin (45.0%), long acting ceftiofur (40.1%) and long acting amoxicillin (8.4%). Injectable products were generally overdosed (79.5%), whereas oral treatments were often under dosed (47.3%). In conclusion, this study shows that preventive group treatment was applied in 98% of the visited herds and often includes the use of critically important and broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Country: BE

110 Presence of Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in sows are risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in their offspring (Research paper; Callens, 2015)

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110 Research paper – Callens – 2015 – Presence of Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in sows are risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in their offspring

110 Research paper
Presence of Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in sows are risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in their offspring
by Callens, B., Faes, C., Maes, D., Catry, B., Boyen, F., Francoys, D., de Jong, E., Haesebrouck, F. and J. Dewulf. 2015 Microbial Drug Resistance 21: 50-58
In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: This study investigated the association between presence of resistant E. coli bacteria (apparently healthy) sows had an effect on increased resistance in E. coli bacteria in piglets. Sixty sows from three herds and three of their piglets were sampled at several time points. Antimicrobial usage data during parturition and farrowing were collected. Results show that antimicrobial resistance in piglets was influenced by antimicrobial use in sows and piglets and by the sow resistance level. In conclusion, the current results suggest that sows act as a reservoir for their newborns and that the administration of antimicrobial agents to sows during lactation is a risk factor for the persistence of resistant E. coli not solely for the sows, both also for their newborn. Also, the administration of antimicrobials in the piglets also leads to increase of resistant bacteria in the piglets during lactation.
110 Research paper – Callens – 2015 – Presence of Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in sows are risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in their offspring
Country: BE

109 A Bayesian micro-simulation to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions for mastitis control during the dry period in UK dairy herds (Research paper; Down, 2016)

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109 Research paper – Down – 2016 – A Bayesian micro-simulation to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions for mastitis control during the dry period in UK dairy herds

109 Research paper
A Bayesian micro-simulation to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions for mastitis control during the dry period in UK dairy herds
by Down, P.M., Bradley, A.J., Breen, J.E., Browne, W.J., Kypraios, T. and M.J. Green
2016 Preventive Veterinary Medicine 133: 64-72
In Significant Impact Groups: Specific alternatives \ Other Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Summary: It is still unknown which type of interventions will reduce the risk of getting mastitis in the dry period, particularly with regard to cost-effectiveness. This study has gathered data from 77 UK dairy farms that participated in a British mastitis control programme during 2009–2012, with most intramammary infections being acquired during the dry period. The data contained clinical mastitis (CM) and somatic cell count (SCC) records, herd management practices and details of interventions that were implemented by the farmer as part of the control plan. Interventions identified as being cost-effective in most circumstances included selecting dry-cow therapy at the cow level, dry-cow rations formulated by a qualified nutritionist, use of individual calving pens, first milking cows within 24 h of calving and spreading bedding evenly in dry-cow yards. These results can be used to optimize decision making in mastitis control.
Country: UK