51 Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming: Experiences from an Intervention Study to Control Livestock-Associated MRSA (Research paper; Dorado-Garcia, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): decrease in MRSA prevalence
Summary: A Dutch policy was set in place in 2010 promoting a reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals. In this context, a study evaluated 2 different strategies: a. with reducing of antimicrobials and b. with reduction of antimicrobials and with a cleaning and disinfection program. These results suggest that AMU reduction might be a good strategy for reducing MRSA in veal calf farming, however the effect of the cleaning and disinfection protocol used in this study was not effective. The study indicates that the long term AMU decrease is likely to lower MRSA levels in people living and/or working in veal farms.
51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Farming
Where to find the original material:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135826; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135826
Country: NL

51 Research paper – Dorado-García – 2015 – Effects of Reducing Antimicrobial Use and Applying a Cleaning and Disinfection Program in Veal Calf Fa

43 PDCA by Inagro ILVO (Farm innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Effects social and/or public health positively.
Summary: This demonstration project is executed by Inagro in cooperation with ILVO. PDCA (which means: Plan Do Check Act) for dairy farmers is its main topic. With the PDCA-principle a dairy farmer can develop a list with action point to work on, focused on colostrum- and transition management. Together with the farm veterinarian, advisors and other important people they create a strength-weakness overview of a farm. Based on this overview the farmer starts working with the PDCA-principle.
43 Farm Innovation – PDCA by Inagro ILVO
Where to find the original material: (in Dutch)
Country: BE

43 Farm Innovation – PDCA by Inagro ILVO

37 The impact of dairy cows’ bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk – A cross sectional study of UK farms (Research paper; Bradley, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Housing and welfare ; Biosecurity
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Bacterial counts in bedding; Bacterial counts in milk
Summary: UK herds bedded on recycled manure solids, sand or sawdust were compared. Bacterial load varied significantly within and between bedding materials. Bedding type did not affect bulk milk bacterial counts. Foremilking was associated with a reduced total bacterial count in milk.
37 Research paper – Bradley – 2018 – The impact of dairy cows bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160517305445; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.022
Country: UK

37 Research paper – Bradley – 2018 – The impact of dairy cows bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk

33 Biosecurity video by ITAVI (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity \ Internal biosecurity; Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: This video illustrates the main stages of cleaning and disinfection in poultry buildings. Based on testimonials (veterinarian, cleaning professional), it highlights the key messages to remember. It also illustrates points of vigilance, such as deratting procedures, cleaning of pipes and supply silos or even maintenance of the routes. It will be a practical support for training, technical support or to be viewed directly by breeders.
33 Farm Innovation – Biosecurity video by ITAVI
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/nettoyer-et-desinfecter-un-batiment-delevage-de-volailles-volailles-de-chair;
Country: FR

33 Farm Innovation – Biosecurity video by ITAVI

32 Biosecurity sheets by ITAVI (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity \ Internal biosecurity; Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: This website consists of several educational sheets, about Avian influenza and biosafety measurements which can be taken on-farm. A farm-specific selection can be made; with differentiations like broilers, layers, breeding poultry, game, etc. The according sheets vary from ‘staff training’ to ‘plan of circulation’ or ‘pest and wild bird control’.
Additional sheets are separate PDF-documents.
32 Farm Innovation – Biosecurity sheets by ITAVI
Where to find the original material: (in English)
http://influenza.itavi.asso.fr/;
Country: FR

32 Farm Innovation – Biosecurity sheets by ITAVI

24 Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities (Research paper; Raffaelli, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity \ Internal biosecurity \ Housing

Species targeted: Poultry;
Summary: Research was carried out to set up a new machine for floor disinfection of poultry houses by open flame. The trials were run in controlled conditions in the laboratory of the University of Pisa, Italy, and on a private farm. The results obtained were very promising. Test bench trials showed a substancial reduction in E. coli, and microbial determinations carried out on-farm did not show any difference between thermal and chemical treatment. In addition, the cost estimation showed that thermal disinfection is approximately 4-fold cheaper than chemical sanitation methods. The effective working capacity of the machine was approximately 1700 m2 h–1, and the LPG consumption was approximately 16 kg per 1000 m2. Flame disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities could represent a valid alternative to chemical disinfection.
24 Research paper – Raffaelli – 2013 – Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities. Raffaelli, M., Fontanelli, M., Frasconi, C., Innocenti, A., Dal Re, L., Bardasi, L., Galletti, G. and A. Peruzzi 2013 Journal of Agricultural Engineering 44: 22-28
Where to find the original material:
https://www.j.agroengineering.org/index.php/jae/article/download/jae.2013.e4/pdf/; https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2013.e4
Country: IT

24 Research paper – Raffaelli – 2013 – Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities

22 PartAge by ITAVI (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity

Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Biosecurity in poultry farming: a participatory approach to promote compliance
The objective of the PartAge project is to offer a support method based on a participatory approach, for a sustainable change in biosecurity practices in poultry farming.
This 3-year project will test the impact of participatory meetings on changing practices, compliance and the perception of biosecurity, organized with two groups of conventional poultry and outdoor poultry farmers. These meetings should make it possible to compare experiences, increase awareness and encourage the involvement of breeders in a process of progress.
At the end of the project, a tool for organizing and leading participatory meetings will be created to be used in steps to improve biosafety by technical support teams.
22 Farm Innovation – PartAge by ITAVI
Where to find the original material: (in French)
https://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/biosecurite-en-elevage-avicole-une-approche-participative-pour-favoriser-lobservance;
Country: FR

22 Farm Innovation – PartAge by ITAVI

11 PULSE by ITAVI (Tools & checklists)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity
Species targeted: Poultry;
Summary: PULSE, a tool created by ITAVI in France:
The application of biosecurity measures in animal husbandry aims to prevent or limit the introduction,
circulation and dissemination of contaminants. To help farmers assess the conformity of their farming
systems and practices, a biosecurity self-assessment tool has been built, including all of the expected
recommendations. It was conceived as a tool for progress, making it possible to target the points to be
improved in the short or medium term and proposing ways of improvement to be discussed, in concert
with technical supervision.
The purpose of this tool is to support producers in the implementation of biosecurity procedures and to
maintain vigilance over the long term.
11 ToolsChecklists – PULSE by ITAVI
Where to find the original material: (in French;)
https://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/jevalue-la-biosecurite-sur-mon-exploitation-de-volailles-plein-air;
Country: France;

8 Antimicrobial usage in pig production check improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (Research paper Postma 2016)

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8 Research paper
Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU (A DISSERTATION) by Postma, M. 2016 Antimicrobial usage in pig production : check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU : 306p.
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; reduced costs on medicines; improved animal health and increased production
Summary: High antimicrobial usage (AMU) and the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlighted the need for reduced AMU in pig production. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production. The research involved 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden in 2012/2013. 1) Establish a consensus defined daily dose animal (DDDA) for each active substance (AS) and administration route for porcine veterinary antimicrobial (AM) products authorized in four European countries, thus allowing cross-country quantification and comparison of antimicrobial usage (AMU) data. All veterinary AM products authorized for porcine use in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were listed for each administration route. First, separate DDDAs for each product were defined based on the recommended dosing for the main indication. Second, a consensus DDDA was established by taking the mean of the DDDAs for each product within a certain category of AS plus administration route. Large variations were observed for dosage and treatment duration recommendations between products and between countries for the same ASs. Only 6.8% of feed/water and 29.4% of parenteral AS groups had the same recommended dosage in the four countries. Four major recommendations have been formulated: (i) urgent need for harmonization of authorization and recommended summary of product characteristics (SPC) dosages; (ii) expand the developed preliminary DDDA list to include all authorized veterinary medicinal products in all EU member states and for all (food-producing) animal species; (iii) improved accessibility of country-specific SPC data would be preferable; and (iv) statement of the ‘long-acting’ duration of a product in the SP. 2) Nineteen alternatives to antimicrobial (AM) agents were ranked on perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment (ROI) by 111 pig health experts from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis showed that veterinary practitioners rank internal biosecurity, vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality optimization and climate/environmental on average highest, while researchers and professors focused more on increased use of diagnostics and action plans. Financial incentives/penalties ranked low in all countries. Belgian respondents ranked feed quality significantly lower compared to the German respondents while reduction of stocking density was ranked higher in Belgium compared to Denmark. Further analysis showed veterinary practitioners
had a preference for more practical, common and already known alternatives. The results showed that improvements in biosecurity, increased use of vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality improvement and regular diagnostic testing combined with a clear action plan were perceived to be the most promising alternatives to AMs in industrial pig production based on combined effectiveness, feasibility and ROI. 3) This study aimed at assessing the levels of implementation of biosecurity measures in pig production in four European Union (EU) countries . A cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden between 2012-2013. The biosecurity status in each
of these herds was described and quantified by using the risk-based scoring tool Biocheck.UGent (www.biocheck.ugent.be). Production and management characteristics, obtained from the herd management system and by interviewing the farmer, were analysed for their association with the biosecurity level. The results showed that there was substantial room
for improvement in the biosecurity status on many pig farms. Significant differences (p<0.01) both in internal and external biosecurity levels were observed between countries. The external biosecurity status, combining all measures taken to prevent disease introduction into the herd, was highest in Germany and lowest in France. The number of pathogens vaccinated against was significantly associated with internal biosecurity status, suggesting an overall more preventive approach towards the risk of disease transmission. A
higher external biosecurity was associated with more weaned piglets per sow per year.

8 Research paper – Postma – 2016 – Antimicrobial usage in pig production_check, improve and reduce in Belgium and the EU

Where to find the original material:
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7222359;
Country: BE

 

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Check improve and reduce. Prevention of disease is necessary to obtain a reduced need for AM treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, AMU and farm and production characteristics in order to advise on best practices for achieveing low AMU and maximum animal health and production.

7 Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters (Research paper, Postma et al., 2017)

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7 Research paper
Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters by Postma, M., Vanderhaeghen, W., Sarrazin, S., Maes, D., and J. Dewulf 2017 Zoonoses and public health 64: 63-74
Significant Impact Group(s): Biosecurity ; Prudent use AB

Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Decreased AMU; Improved animal health so less disease and increased production; reduced costs on medicines so economical savings
Summary: This study evaluated the extent to which antimicrobial use (AMU) could be reduced in pig production by focusing on herd health, disease prevention and AMU. Their research involved 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the visits, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status using the Biocheck.UGentTM tool, vaccinations, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and veterinarian/advisor during the visits. Significant improvements in biosecurity combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and responsible AMU was seen. There was a 52% reduction in AMU in pigs from birth – slaughter. Increased biosecurity and decreased AMU were combined with increased numbers of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort between farmer, veterinarians/advisors has shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production. Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGentTM risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year
(+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.
7 Research paper – Postma – 2017 – Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12283; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12283
Country: BE

 

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If combined, biosecurity principles, vaccination strategy, antihelmintic treatment and antimicrobial usage, along with a well-trained field team, the antimicrobial usage in general could be reduce and still obtain the set-out production parameters.