80 Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms: an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records ( Research paper; Firth, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;Beef;
Age: Young;Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use; Udder health
Summary: Since 2015, veterinarians have been required by law to report antimicrobials dispensed to farmers for use in food-producing animals. The study presented here collected data on antimicrobials dispensed to farmers and those administered by veterinarians.
Results show that dairy cattle in the study population in Austria were treated with antimicrobial agents at a relatively low and infrequent defined daily dose rate. The most frequently used antimicrobial group with respect to mastitis treatments was the beta-lactams, primarily penicillins, with third and fourth generation cephalosporins the most commonly used highest priority critically important antimicrobials with respect to both the proportion of herds treated and the number of defined daily doses administered per cow and year.
80 Research paper – Firth – 2017 – Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms_ an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records
Where to find the original material:
https://peerj.com/articles/4072/; https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4072
Country: AT

80 Research paper – Firth – 2017 – Antimicrobial consumption on Austrian dairy farms_ an observational study of udder disease treatments based on veterinary medication records

75 Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: Use and development of antimicrobial resistance (Research paper; Pyorala, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial resistance to macrolides; Antimicrobial resistance to lincosamides; Antimicrobial use of macrolides; Antimicrobial use of lincosamides
Summary: Macrolides and lincosamides (ML) are important antimicrobials for the treatment of infections in cattle and pigs, although rarely the only alternative. The most common indications for ML are the treatment of major swine gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and of bovine respiratory disease. There are quite a large number of old products containing ML in the EU, and updating and harmonising the dosing regimens of these products are necessary. Acquired resistance to ML antimicrobials has emerged, with the greatest increase in resistance in Brachyspira. In-feed medications and long-acting injections resulting in low concentrations of the active substance for long periods may particularly contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Macrolides are considered as critically important and lincosamides as highly important in human medicine, although mostly for non-food-borne infections. Prudent use of ML antimicrobials approved for food animals is of crucial importance to maintain the efficacy of these important therapeutic alternatives.
75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314000823; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028
Country: FI, DK, BE, NL, SE, ES, PT, LT, FR, UK,

75 Research paper – Pyorala- 2014 – Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs_ Use and development of antimicrobial resistance

71 A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves’ passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms ( Research paper, Johnsen, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Prevalence of failure of passive transfer (FPT)
Summary: For suckling dairy calves, different management routines to ensure sufficient colostrum intake are applied: visual assessment, hand feeding supplemental colostrum or assistance. However, not much is known about the efficacy of these methods to prevent failure of passive transfer (FPT). In these study herds, the prevalence of FPT among all suckling calves was high, and comparable to that reported from Norwegian calves in conventional herds, that are separated from the dam and fed colostrum artificially. Securing high colostrum quality is an important preventive measure of FPT in suckling dairy calves. The results indicate that for calves capable of finding the udder and suckling independently, there is no direct benefit of routinely hand feeding colostrum, although herd level factors may play an important role. Herds practicing suckling need to systematically address all the three most important factors to ensure passive transfer of immunity: time from birth, colostrum quantity and colostrum quality.
71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-019-0442-8
Country: NO

71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms

69 Treatment of clinical mastitis: Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions (Research paper; Constable, 2003)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Treatment of clinical mastitis
Summary: Antibiotic treatment of clinical bacterial mastitis requires several steps:(1) using an antibiotic with an appropriate spectrum of activity; (2) selecting an antibiotic that effectively reach the site of infection (milk, mammary tissue, or blood); (3) treating for an appropriate duration; and (4) avoiding adverse local or systemic effects and residues. Antibiotics are often selected based on availability of labeled drugs, clinical signs in the cow, milk culture results for previous mastitis episodes in the herd, experience of treatment outcome in the herd, treatment cost, and withdrawal times for milk and slaughter. There has been recent interest in optimizing treatment protocols to better target antibiotic administration, with substantial reliance on susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates from cows with clinical mastitis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role, if any, that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should play in guiding treatment of clinical mastitis.
69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions
Where to find the original material:
https://www.vetfood.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0720(02)00068-3/abstract; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00068-3
Country: US

69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions

62 Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina (Research paper, Pereyra, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial usage; Disease prevalence
Summary: Antimicrobial use in dairy cows and calves was estimated using standardized drug usage indicators in Argentina. In lactating dairy cows, intramammary usage accounted for the majority of total drug usage. All the surveyed disease cases in calf rearing units included treatment with antibiotics.
62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300404; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.019
Country: AR

62 Research paper – Pereyra – 2015 – Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina

61 Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count (Research paper; Dufour, 2011)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals ; Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): herd somatic cell count
Summary: Thee scientific literature on relationships between management practices used on dairy farms and herd somatic cell count (SCC) is reviewed in this study. A large number of management practices have shown consistent associations with herd-level SCC when used in usual dairy settings. These practices should be the basis of udder health recommendations to dairy producers. Although many management practices have shown interesting associations with SCC, the lack of consistency observed should moderate reliance on their use.
61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203021100004X; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3715
Country: CA

61 Research paper – Dufour – 2011 – Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count

51 Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Other
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young;Adult;
Summary: Bacteriophages or simply are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria. Within these bacteria, they replicate and produce new virus particles which are set free as soon as the bacteria either disintegrates or explodes. This capacity of being able to destroy bacteria makes phages powerful antimicrobials and exactly that characteristic could be exploited while treating various infectious diseases, i.e. by phage treatment.
The number of studies about phage therapy is growing, indicating that more data will become available about phage and enzybiotic efficacy and safety.
Advantages and disadvantages are discussed and the article ends with perspectives for the future. One of the most important problems before commercialization of products is the lack of clear regulations. Therefore it is essential to continue contributing necessary data, so authorities can understand the real value of their later use.
52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.poultryworld.net/Health/Articles/2019/2/Pros-and-cons-of-using-phages-388607E/;
Country: USA

52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs

49: 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Feed / gut health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Effects social and/or public health positively
Summary: Some EU forerunners in pig husbandry have been successful at reducing antimicrobials without sacrificing productivity or performance. Three antimicrobial reduction take-home messages, inspired by forerunners’ success are discussed in this article. In field studies it is shown how multi-stakeholder approach can help achieve goals while reducing their reliance on antimicrobials.
Take home message 1: benchmarking optimises success
Take home message 2: it is all about prevention
Take home message 3: an integrated approach is key
Concluding: Plan, do, check and act:
Scientific insights applied to practical approaches on customer farms show that a multi-stakeholder approach, integrating feed, farm and health management can help swine farmers achieve production goals while reducing or eliminating their reliance on antimicrobials.
49 Farm Innovation – 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/6/3-Lessons-to-reduce-antimicrobials-in-pigs-432402E/?cmpid=NLC%7Cpigprogress_focus%7C2019-06-21%7C3_Lessons_to_reduce_antimicrobials_in_pigs&fbclid=IwAR1VZ66yhBdm6B9dX-QjXYS27PRpllj_byYlZlcD3Ccn-63hmgaB1mU
Country: EU

49 Farm Innovation – 3 lessons in reducing antimicrobials in pigs by Trouw PDCA

29 Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets (Research paper; Cameron, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Feed / gut health \ Feed additives and supplements; Specific alternatives
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): Ruminant feed conversion ratio; Milk production; Rumen pH modulation; Poultry feed conversion ratio; Egg production; Swine feed conversion ratio
Summary: Probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics’ successes are modest, conditional, strain dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
29 Research paper – Cameron – 2019 – Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock
diets
Where to find the original material:
https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/abs/10.3920/BM2019.0059; https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2019.0059
Country: CA

29 Research paper – Cameron – 2019 – Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets

28 The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition (Research paper; Markowiak, 2018)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Pre-/probiotics
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Different for different species;
Summary: Despite numerous difficulties associated with the registration of feed additives, modern global economy and strong market competition result in the need to introduce new technologies to animal nutrition. This paper discusses definitions of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Criteria that have to be met by those kinds of formulas are also presented. The paper offers a list of the most commonly used probiotics and prebiotics and some examples of their combinations in synbiotic formulas used in animal feeding. Examples of available study results on the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on animal health are also summarised
28 Research paper – Markowiak – 2018 – The role of probiotics prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition
Where to find the original material:
https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
Country: PL

28 Research paper – Markowiak – 2018 – The role of probiotics prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition