74 Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy (Research paper; Higgins, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Approaches to antibiotic dry cow therapy
Summary: In the United Kingdom, blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (BDCT) is commonly prescribed. An alternate strategy is selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) whereby a teat sealant is given instead of an antibiotic to cows with a low probability of infection. Switching from BDCT to SDCT can significantly reduce antibiotic use. Initiatives that seek to alter vets’ perceptions of the risks associated with switching to using SDCT are likely to prove useful in facilitating change. Our results also suggest for senior vets should take a leading role in helping farms applying SDCT. When considering how best to make a change from BDCT to SDCT, we propose a broad approach that clearly recognizes that the issues blocking this change are very different for vets at different stages of their career. Vets must work together to promote switching to SDCT where appropriate, and senior vets must lead.
74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217300747; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11923
Country: UK

74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy

73 Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs: comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scaling in food-producing and companion animals (Research paper; Avene, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (clearance, volume of distribution, half-life)
Summary: Distribution of cephalosporin antimicrobials in animals bodies is in general very similar between animal species. It was shown that generalizing of amounts of antimicrobial values for volume of distribution and clearance of most cephalosporins across food-producing and companion animal species can be performed using allometric scaling.
73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2
Country: NL

73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin

72 Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms (Research paper; Taverne, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial consumption
Summary: International comparison is necessary to establish regulations on veterinary antimicrobial use and reducing antimicrobial resistance. Our study revealed interesting differences in outcomes on antimicrobial consumption in pigs following the use of different animal defined daily dosages. Differences in outcomes in an animal species can be attributed to the applied animal defined daily dosage due to differences in authorized indications and dosages, but can also be a result of differences in prescription patterns between farm types at the level of therapeutic groups or even specific antimicrobials within those groups, next to the differences in animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights. This study underlines the urgent need for international harmonized units of measurement applicable in monitoring systems for antimicrobial use in livestock, such as generic animal defined daily dosages. But also harmonized animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights for all animal species included in monitoring programs should be established.
72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7
Country: NL

72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms

71 A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves’ passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms ( Research paper, Johnsen, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Prevalence of failure of passive transfer (FPT)
Summary: For suckling dairy calves, different management routines to ensure sufficient colostrum intake are applied: visual assessment, hand feeding supplemental colostrum or assistance. However, not much is known about the efficacy of these methods to prevent failure of passive transfer (FPT). In these study herds, the prevalence of FPT among all suckling calves was high, and comparable to that reported from Norwegian calves in conventional herds, that are separated from the dam and fed colostrum artificially. Securing high colostrum quality is an important preventive measure of FPT in suckling dairy calves. The results indicate that for calves capable of finding the udder and suckling independently, there is no direct benefit of routinely hand feeding colostrum, although herd level factors may play an important role. Herds practicing suckling need to systematically address all the three most important factors to ensure passive transfer of immunity: time from birth, colostrum quantity and colostrum quality.
71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-019-0442-8
Country: NO

71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms

70 Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming: The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour (Research paper; Jansen, 2009)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); clinical mastitis incidence; combined clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence
Summary: This study shows that mastitis incidence can be explained by farmers’ attitudes and self-reported (to a certain extent), specially farmers’ attitudes. In particular, the perceived feeling of control, the perceived effect of the average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) penalty level and the normative frame of reference are important in explaining the variation in mastitis incidence. Furthermore, the results suggest that BMSCC levels are better explained by attitudes and self-reported behaviour than actual clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence. It can be concluded that farmers’ attitudes are a better measure to explain differences in mastitis incidence between farms than farmers’ self-reported behavior. Therefore farmers’ attitudes should be taken into account in future research and animal health promotion. This study, therefore, provides an important investigation into the social processes applicable to mastitis incidence and emphasis on the need for effective communication strategies in mastitis control programs.
70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587709002451; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.015
Country: NL

70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour

69 Treatment of clinical mastitis: Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions (Research paper; Constable, 2003)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Treatment of clinical mastitis
Summary: Antibiotic treatment of clinical bacterial mastitis requires several steps:(1) using an antibiotic with an appropriate spectrum of activity; (2) selecting an antibiotic that effectively reach the site of infection (milk, mammary tissue, or blood); (3) treating for an appropriate duration; and (4) avoiding adverse local or systemic effects and residues. Antibiotics are often selected based on availability of labeled drugs, clinical signs in the cow, milk culture results for previous mastitis episodes in the herd, experience of treatment outcome in the herd, treatment cost, and withdrawal times for milk and slaughter. There has been recent interest in optimizing treatment protocols to better target antibiotic administration, with substantial reliance on susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates from cows with clinical mastitis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role, if any, that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should play in guiding treatment of clinical mastitis.
69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions
Where to find the original material:
https://www.vetfood.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0720(02)00068-3/abstract; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00068-3
Country: US

69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions

68 The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands (Research paper; Lam, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Not stated;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antibiotic Use; DDDAF; ‘antibiotic number’
Summary: To decrease antibiotic usage sustainably, it was considered crucial to change the mindset. Based on models from social psychology, the RESET Mindset Model was used. Several actions (both voluntary and compulsory) were taken to decrease antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. An independent veterinary medicine authority and a national database on antibiotic usage was developed (MediRund), which enabled transparency and benchmarking on antibiotic usage. This was done together with other activities, such as herd health and treatment plans, selective dry cow therapy, and the strong limitation on the use of critically important antibiotics. As a result, antibiotic usage at the herd level, referred to as the ‘antibiotic number’, became an important and socially accepted herd level parameter.
Antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands decreased significantly by intense cooperation between the most important stakeholders in the dairy industry, taking communication seriously and applying the RESET Mindset Model.
68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x
Country: NL

68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands

67 Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds (Research paper; Heuvelink, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL/AmpC-EC)
Summary: Between 2011 and 2013, the period during which the use of 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was minimized, the between-herd prevalence of resistant E. coli expressing ESBL/AmpC-genes in Dutch dairy herds declined significantly. Calves were found to have both, a much higher individual animal prevalence and a higher level of shedding than young stock and cows. The most sensitive approach to find ESBL/AmpC positive E. coli in Dutch dairy herds is through collecting samples from individual young calves.
67 Research paper – Heuvelink – 2019 – Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC B-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113518313993; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.005
Country: NL

67 Research paper – Heuvelink – 2019 – Prevalence of extended-spectrum and AmpC B-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch dairy herds

66 Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production (Research report)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Udder health
Summary: Bad udder health management threatens human health due to zoonotic or antimicrobial resistant pathogens adapting to different environments. Mastitis prevention is essential in an effective and sustainable dairy production system. High quality milk with low SCC is crucial for product quality for the processing industry (cheese making). This will result in a reduction of food loss and food waste by producers, processors and consumers. Mastitis is one of the most frequent and important diseases in bovine milk production with high antimicrobial usage and a source of creating a potential acceleration on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The presented results will discuss data collected at country level on mastitis therapy and examine strategies to improve udder health for a sustainable dairy production.
66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production
Where to find the original material:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Sanchez_Mainar/publication/337363922_Mastitis_Prevention_and_Therapy_for_Sustainable_Dairy_Production/links/5dd410dd458515cd48abdc19/Mastitis-Prevention-and-Therapy-for-Sustainable-Dairy-Production.pdf;
Country: BE

66 Research report – Osteras – 2019 – Mastitis prevention and therapy for sustainable dairy production

65 Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012 (Research paper; Kuipers, 2012)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Animal-Defined Daily Dosages (ADDD)
Summary: The indicator animal-defined daily dosages (ADDD) was used to evaluate antibiotic use for 3 farmer groups and 6 treatment categories. Large variation in antibiotic use was found between herds, and variation in use among herds decreased during the study period. Reducing antibiotic use and the variation in use were related to changes in management practices, which can enhance drug use awareness. Managing udder health is the main reason for antibiotic use, justifying as 68% of all ADDD. A reduction in use was achieved by reducing daily dosages used as other treatments. A reduction in use for the treatment of mastitis was also noted, but farmers were hesitant to reduce dry-cow therapy. Restrictions on third-choice drugs were successful in minimizing their use, with a shift to increased use of penicillin and certain broad-spectrum drugs. Both lower veterinary costs per cow and antibiotic use decreased in recent years, according to this study.
65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030215009054; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8428
Country: NL

65 Research paper – Kuipers – 2012 – Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012