283 – Antibiotic alternatives_ the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry (Research paper – Cheng – 2014)

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283 Research paper – Cheng – 2014 – Antibiotic alternatives_ the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry

In Significant Impact Groups: Specific alternatives \ New antibiotics
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
It is a common practice for decades to use of sub-therapeutic dose of antibiotics in food-animal feeds to prevent animals from diseases and to improve production performance in modern animal husbandry. Concerns over the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have prompted efforts to develop so-called alternatives to antibiotics. This review summarizes recent development and perspectives of alternatives to antibiotics. The mechanism of actions, applications of the alternatives such as immunity modulating agents, bacteriophages and their lysins, antimicrobial peptides, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, plant extracts, inhibitors targeting pathogenicity, and feeding enzymes are discussed. Lastly, the feasibility of these alternatives is analyzed. The conclusion is that these alternatives are not likely to replace antibiotics in animals in a foreseeable future. Therefore, prudent use of antibiotics and the establishment of scientific monitoring systems are the best and fastest way to limit the adverse effects of overuse of antibiotics.

Where to find the original material: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00217/full; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00217
Country: CN

256 EMA Categorisation of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use by European Medicines Agency (Tools & Checklists)

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256 ToolsChecklists – EMA Categorisation of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use by European Medicines Agency

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age:
Summary:
Veterinarians are encouraged to check and consider EMA’s updated scientific advice on the categorisation of antibiotics when prescribing these medicines for animals in their care. This categorisation can also be used as a tool for the preparation of treatment guidelines. The classification now comprises four categories, from A to D: Avoid, Restrict, Caution and Prudence. Category A: These medicines may not be used in food-producing animals and may be given to individual companion animals only under exceptional circumstances. Category B: The use of these medicines in animals should be restricted to mitigate the risk to public health. Category C: These antibiotics should only be used when there are no antimicrobial substances in Category D that would be clinically effective. Category D: These antibiotics can be used in animals in a prudent manner.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/infographic-categorisation-antibiotics-use-animals-prudent-responsible-use_en.pdf;
Country: European Union

244 Time to Vaccinate_ The importance of preventive health and vaccination programmes in ruminant production by MSD Animal Health (Industry Innovation)

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244 Industry Innovation – Time to Vaccinate_ The importance of preventive health and vaccination programmes in ruminant production by MSD Animal Health

In Significant Impact Groups: Pathogen management \ Vaccination
Species targeted: Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Different for different species; Not stated;
Summary:
Immunity has been defined as a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products, or in simpler terms it is the power to resist infection whether innate or acquired. A strong powerful immunity is therefore crucial to maintain health in our current animal production, where multiple types of pathogens are continually challenging the health, welfare and productivity of our animals. Vaccinations play a great role in optimizing the animal’s power to resist disease. On a population basis, vaccinations have led to the eradication and control of many diseases. Vaccines are indispensable tools to prevent potentially dangerous infectious diseases and to maintain animal welfare and the productivity of animal production. Vaccine use within disease prevention and eradication programmes has optimized animal production, health and welfare, and contributed to a highly efficient production system.

Where to find the original material: https://www.farmantibiotics.org/tool_links/the-importance-of-preventive-health-and-vaccination-programmes-in-ruminant-production/;
Country: EU

235 Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae (Research paper – Rozwandowicz, 2018)

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235 Research paper – Rozwandowicz – 2018 – Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through genetic elements known as plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmids characteristics and their association with humans and animals provides important information that is essential to understand the contribution of these genes to the transmission of resistance. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR related types of genetic elements (plasmids) in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution. This information is very important in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/73/5/1121/4822282; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx488
Country: NL; DE; ES

233 PCR-Based Analysis of ColE1 Plasmids in Clinical Isolates and Metagenomic Samp (Research paper – Ares-Arroyo, 2018)

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233 Research paper – Ares-Arroyo – 2018 – PCR-Based Analysis of ColE1 Plasmids in Clinical Isolates and Metagenomic Samp

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Genes transferred by ColE1 plasmids are important vehicles for the spread of antibiotic resistance in two families of bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. Their monitoring is essential, as they harbor important resistance elements that can lead to resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria found in humans, animals and the environment. Understanding how these genetic elements work can lead to better understanding of how resistance to antimicrobials is being spread. In this work we present a useful genetic tool for the detection and analysis of ColE1 plasmids, and confirm their important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, especially in the Pasteurellaceae family of bacteria.

Where to find the original material: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00469/full?report=reader; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00469
Country: ES; IN

225 Developing integrated livestock breeding and management strategies to improve animal health product quality and performance in European organic and low input milk (Industry Innovation)

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225 Industry Innovation – Developing integrated livestock breeding and management strategies to improve animal health product quality and performance in European organic and low input milk

In Significant Impact Groups: Breeding for disease resistance or robustness \ Housing and welfare
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Sheep;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
LowInputBreeds integrated breeding and management to improve animal health, product quality and performance in organic and low input milk, meat and eggs. Four technical sub-projects (SP) were evaluated for ethical, economic and environmental impact in a 5th SP, which also covered training and dissemination, including our website which lists contacts and bi-annual newsletters. By developing and integrating (a) genotypes selected for performance, robustness and product quality traits, and (b) management innovations to improve ‘low input’ systems the project made a significant contribution towards regionally-adapted breeding strategies, compatible with sustainable production, high product quality and organic principles.

Where to find the original material: https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/results/222/222623/final1-lib-publishable-summary-pdf.pdf;
Country: UK

221 Key actors in driving behavioural change in relation to on-farm biosecurity – A Northern Ireland perspective (Research paper – Lahuerta-Marin, 2018)

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221 Research paper – Lahuerta-Marin – 2018 – Key actors in driving behavioural change in relation to on-farm biosecurity_ a Northern Ireland perspective

In Significant Impact Groups: Biosecurity \Internal biosecurity; People
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Agriculture and farming are valued contributors to local economy in Northern Ireland (NI). There is limited knowledge about farmers’ behaviours and attitudes towards disease biosecurity measures. As part of a larger project, a scenario-based workshop with key stakeholders was organised by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI)-NI in December 2015. Participants were asked to discuss and give their opinions about a series of questions across four key areas in a semi-structured approach with an external facilitator. The discussion showed that training in biosecurity for farmers is important and necessary. Training was recommended to be provided by veterinary surgeons, preferably via a face-to-face format. The discussion addressing disease disclosure proved particularly challenging between those who were prospective buyers of cattle, and those who sold cattle. This workshop provided a unique and invaluable insight into key issues regarding farm level biosecurity activities.

Where to find the original material: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001042/; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-018-0125-1
Country: UK

215 SHAWG – Industry guidance document for veterinary surgeons and farmers on responsible use of antibiotics in sheep by The Sheep Health and Welfare Group SHAWG (Tools & Checklists)

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215 ToolsChecklists – SHAWG – Industry guidance document for veterinary surgeons and farmers on responsible use of antibiotics in sheep by The Sheep Health and Welfare Group SHAWG

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Sheep;
Age:
Summary:
The SHAWG guidance document has been written to outline the key steps in ensuring veterinary surgeons and farmers work together to review and achieve responsible use of antibiotics within the sheep flock. Examination of antibiotic use in the sheep sector, identified the following three areas of concern with regards to prescribing practices for sheep. In some cases these involved whole flock prophylactic treatment for these three specific disease management areas: control of infectious lameness, prevention of enzootic abortion and treatment of lambs against neonatal bacterial infections. The primary recommendations are that, in order to replace, refine and reduce antibiotics in these target areas, vets and sheep farmers should work to plan ahead, prevent disease and protect their flocks.

Where to find the original material: http://beefandlamb.ahdb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Responsible-AMU-guidance-for-sheep_Version-1.0_June-2019.pdf;
Country: United Kingdom;

209- Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union ( Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018)

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209 Research paper – Zorlescu – 2018 – Antimicrobial resistance programs in the European Union

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
At the European Commission (EC) level, legislation has been issued for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and these rules are applicable by each Member State (MS). For the proper implementation of the above legislation, audits are carried out in Member States that have developed programs on antimicrobial resistance that go beyond the EC’s requests. The aim of the study was the analysis of existing data reports, legislation and recommendations on antimicrobial resistance through which surveillance and monitoring is carried out in the European Union (EU). The audit reports issued between 2015 and 2017 by the Food Veterinary Office (FVO), as well as the articles issued by the EC through the antimicrobial resistance institutes were analysed. In conclusion, in order to improve antimicrobial resistance programs, a “good practice guide” can be achieved by MS with extensive experience in this area, to be used to harmonize antimicrobial resistance programs within the EU.

Where to find the original material: https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/1281; https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1281
Country: RO

208 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity (Research paper – Draghici – 2017)

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208 Research paper – Draghici – 2017 – Bacterial resistance to antibiotics – a threat to humanity

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives Government
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The concept of microbial resistance defines the ability of pathogens to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics. The resistant microorganisms are or become “tolerant” to antibiotics. The causes that led to this unprecedented situation are described here: releasing antimicrobials without prescription, unjustified prescription, failure to comply with the dosage, the use of antimicrobials with broad spectrum, prophylactic administration of antimicrobials, non-compliance with withdrawal periods after their administration to animals of economic interest, etc. The mechanisms of resistance occurrence are also described in this article: enzymatic inactivation, alteration or over-expression of the drug target, modification of metabolic pathways, reduced permeability or uptake, enhanced efflux. The role of International organizations such as OIE, WHO, FVO, HMA, EMA is also presented, along with a summary of the guidelines aiming to help national authorities of each state to develop its own strategies, leading to reducing the occurrence and spread of bacterial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-2-2017/;
Country: RO