79 Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage (Research paper; Jensen, 2004)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Standardized statistics are necessary for international comparison of usage, monitoring of national drug usage and for comparative studies of drug use. The defined animal daily dose is a better measure than the weight of active compound, but interpretation of trends in drug consumption also should include current knowledge of changes in the prescribed daily doses. To enable direct comparison of usage, the number of animals in the target population should be used as a baseline. Depending on the scope, information on number of animals may be obtained from different sources (such as animal-production data, existing registers or direct contact with the individual farmers). Application of standardized statistics will improve the basis for research and the ability to respond to problems of antimicrobial resistance in a targeted way and to evaluate the effect of informative or regulative measures taken to ensure prudent use.
79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587704000868; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.04.001
Country: DK

79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage

77 Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms (Research paper; Hyde, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Levels of antimicrobial usage (AMU) within the livestock industry have been cause of concern in connection to antimicrobial resistance. In order to identify factors associated with high AMU and set threshold for antimicrobial use (benchmarks) for dairy cattle AMU, data was gathered from 358 dairy farms using different types of methods.
Data analysis indicated that usage of antibiotics via oral and footbath routes increased the odds of a farm being part of the top antimicrobial users. While dairy cattle farm AMU was apparently lower than UK livestock average, some farms had extremely high AMU. Identification of these high use farms may be effective in targeting AMU reduction strategies and help reduce overall dairy cattle AMU.
77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/early/2017/12/06/vr.104614.full.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104614
Country: UK

77 Research paper – Hyde – 2017 – Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms

76 The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands (Research paper; Jansen, 2010)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); Udder health
Summary: This study aimed to explore the effect of a national mastitis control program on Dutch farmers’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis.
Dairy farmers completed a survey on attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis before the start of a national mastitis control program in 2004, and 204 completed a similar survey in the final year of the program (2009). Although the average annual bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) remained the same, the farmers’ self-reported attitudes, knowledge, and behavior changed significantly. The results show that a national mastitis control program can be successful in changing attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding mastitis. Results suggest an association between a change in BMSCC on individual farms and a change in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Although more research is needed to identify the long-term effect of these changes, this study can contribute to an increased understanding of the effects of animal health programs.
76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210006235; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3318
Country: NL

76 Research paper – Jansen – 2010 – The effect of a national mastitis control program on the attitudes knowledge and behavior of farmers in the Netherlands

74 Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy (Research paper; Higgins, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Targeted use of antibiotics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Approaches to antibiotic dry cow therapy
Summary: In the United Kingdom, blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (BDCT) is commonly prescribed. An alternate strategy is selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) whereby a teat sealant is given instead of an antibiotic to cows with a low probability of infection. Switching from BDCT to SDCT can significantly reduce antibiotic use. Initiatives that seek to alter vets’ perceptions of the risks associated with switching to using SDCT are likely to prove useful in facilitating change. Our results also suggest for senior vets should take a leading role in helping farms applying SDCT. When considering how best to make a change from BDCT to SDCT, we propose a broad approach that clearly recognizes that the issues blocking this change are very different for vets at different stages of their career. Vets must work together to promote switching to SDCT where appropriate, and senior vets must lead.
74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030217300747; https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11923
Country: UK

74 Research paper – Higgins – 2017 – Understanding veterinarians’ prescribing decisions on antibiotic dry cow therapy

73 Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs: comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scaling in food-producing and companion animals (Research paper; Avene, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (clearance, volume of distribution, half-life)
Summary: Distribution of cephalosporin antimicrobials in animals bodies is in general very similar between animal species. It was shown that generalizing of amounts of antimicrobial values for volume of distribution and clearance of most cephalosporins across food-producing and companion animal species can be performed using allometric scaling.
73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2
Country: NL

73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin

72 Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms (Research paper; Taverne, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial consumption
Summary: International comparison is necessary to establish regulations on veterinary antimicrobial use and reducing antimicrobial resistance. Our study revealed interesting differences in outcomes on antimicrobial consumption in pigs following the use of different animal defined daily dosages. Differences in outcomes in an animal species can be attributed to the applied animal defined daily dosage due to differences in authorized indications and dosages, but can also be a result of differences in prescription patterns between farm types at the level of therapeutic groups or even specific antimicrobials within those groups, next to the differences in animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights. This study underlines the urgent need for international harmonized units of measurement applicable in monitoring systems for antimicrobial use in livestock, such as generic animal defined daily dosages. But also harmonized animal (sub) categories and standardized animal weights for all animal species included in monitoring programs should be established.
72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0566-7
Country: NL

72 Research paper – Taverne – 2015 – Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms

71 A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves’ passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms ( Research paper, Johnsen, 2019)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management ; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Young;
Outcome Parameter(s): Prevalence of failure of passive transfer (FPT)
Summary: For suckling dairy calves, different management routines to ensure sufficient colostrum intake are applied: visual assessment, hand feeding supplemental colostrum or assistance. However, not much is known about the efficacy of these methods to prevent failure of passive transfer (FPT). In these study herds, the prevalence of FPT among all suckling calves was high, and comparable to that reported from Norwegian calves in conventional herds, that are separated from the dam and fed colostrum artificially. Securing high colostrum quality is an important preventive measure of FPT in suckling dairy calves. The results indicate that for calves capable of finding the udder and suckling independently, there is no direct benefit of routinely hand feeding colostrum, although herd level factors may play an important role. Herds practicing suckling need to systematically address all the three most important factors to ensure passive transfer of immunity: time from birth, colostrum quantity and colostrum quality.
71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms
Where to find the original material:
https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-019-0442-8
Country: NO

71 Research paper – Johnsen – 2019 – A cross‑sectional study of suckling calves passive immunity and associations with management routines to ensure colostrum intake on organic dairy farms

70 Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming: The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour (Research paper; Jansen, 2009)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC); clinical mastitis incidence; combined clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence
Summary: This study shows that mastitis incidence can be explained by farmers’ attitudes and self-reported (to a certain extent), specially farmers’ attitudes. In particular, the perceived feeling of control, the perceived effect of the average farm bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) penalty level and the normative frame of reference are important in explaining the variation in mastitis incidence. Furthermore, the results suggest that BMSCC levels are better explained by attitudes and self-reported behaviour than actual clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence. It can be concluded that farmers’ attitudes are a better measure to explain differences in mastitis incidence between farms than farmers’ self-reported behavior. Therefore farmers’ attitudes should be taken into account in future research and animal health promotion. This study, therefore, provides an important investigation into the social processes applicable to mastitis incidence and emphasis on the need for effective communication strategies in mastitis control programs.
70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587709002451; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.015
Country: NL

70 Research paper – Jansen – 2009 – Explaining mastitis incidence in Dutch dairy farming_ The influence of farmers’ attitudes and behaviour

69 Treatment of clinical mastitis: Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions (Research paper; Constable, 2003)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Pathogen management \ Managing sick animals \ Diagnostics
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Treatment of clinical mastitis
Summary: Antibiotic treatment of clinical bacterial mastitis requires several steps:(1) using an antibiotic with an appropriate spectrum of activity; (2) selecting an antibiotic that effectively reach the site of infection (milk, mammary tissue, or blood); (3) treating for an appropriate duration; and (4) avoiding adverse local or systemic effects and residues. Antibiotics are often selected based on availability of labeled drugs, clinical signs in the cow, milk culture results for previous mastitis episodes in the herd, experience of treatment outcome in the herd, treatment cost, and withdrawal times for milk and slaughter. There has been recent interest in optimizing treatment protocols to better target antibiotic administration, with substantial reliance on susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates from cows with clinical mastitis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role, if any, that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should play in guiding treatment of clinical mastitis.
69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions
Where to find the original material:
https://www.vetfood.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0720(02)00068-3/abstract; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00068-3
Country: US

69 Research paper – Constable – 2003 – Treatment of clinical mastitis_Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions

68 The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands (Research paper; Lam, 2017)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government
Species targeted: Dairy;
Age: Not stated;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antibiotic Use; DDDAF; ‘antibiotic number’
Summary: To decrease antibiotic usage sustainably, it was considered crucial to change the mindset. Based on models from social psychology, the RESET Mindset Model was used. Several actions (both voluntary and compulsory) were taken to decrease antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. An independent veterinary medicine authority and a national database on antibiotic usage was developed (MediRund), which enabled transparency and benchmarking on antibiotic usage. This was done together with other activities, such as herd health and treatment plans, selective dry cow therapy, and the strong limitation on the use of critically important antibiotics. As a result, antibiotic usage at the herd level, referred to as the ‘antibiotic number’, became an important and socially accepted herd level parameter.
Antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands decreased significantly by intense cooperation between the most important stakeholders in the dairy industry, taking communication seriously and applying the RESET Mindset Model.
68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands
Where to find the original material:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0085-x
Country: NL

68 Research paper – Lam – 2017 – The RESET Mindset Model applied on decreasing antibiotic usage in dairy cattle in the Netherlands