241 Antibiotic resistance – A global crisis Resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos – una crisis global (Research paper – Alos, 2015)

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241 Research paper – Alos – 2015 – Antibiotic resistance_ A global crisis Resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos_ una crisis global

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance
Species targeted: Other;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The use of antibiotics represents one of the most important interventions for the control of infectious diseases. Antibiotics have saved millions of lives and have also brought a revolution in medicine. However, an increasing threat has lowered the effect of these drugs, because of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which is defined here as the ability of bacteria to survive in antibiotic concentrations that inhibit/kill others of the same species. In this review some recent and important examples of resistance in germs of concern for mankind are mentioned. The process that led to the current situation in a short time is also explained in this review. It begins with the resistance genes, continues with clones and genetic elements involved in the maintenance and dissemination, and ends with other factors that contribute to its spread. Possible responses to the problem are reviewed, with special reference to the development of new antibiotics.
241 Research paper – Alos – 2015 – Antibiotic resistance_ A global crisis Resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos_ una crisis global

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0213005X14003413; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2014.10.004
Country: ES

238 Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption per production stage in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain (Research paper – Moreno, 2014)

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238 Research paper – Moreno – 2014 – Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption per production stage in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
This study describes antimicrobial use (AMU) per production stage in terms of drugs, routes of application, indications, duration and exposed animals in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain. Information was collected via a questionnaire on AMU during the six months prior to the interview, in face-to-face interviews completed from April to October 2010, for a total of 49 farms. The most used antimicrobials per farm and production stage and administration route were polymyxins (colistin) by feed in the growing and the preweaning phases, followed by β-lactams by feed during the growing and the preweaning phases and by injection during the preweaning phase. Results show that the growing stage (from weaning to beginning of finishing) has the highest AMU, feed is the administration route with the highest antimicrobial exposure (because of high number of exposed animals and longer duration of treatment); and there are large differences in AMU among individual pig farms.

Where to find the original material: https://vetrecordopen.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000002.short; https://doi.org/10.1136/vropen-2013-000002
Country: ES

236 Multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from conventional pig farms using antimicrobial agents in preventative medicine programme (Research paper – Cameron-Veas, 2018)

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236 Research paper – Cameron-Veas – 2018 – Multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from conventional pig farms using antimicrobial agents in preventative medicine programme

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young;
Summary:
Presence of multidrug antimicrobial resistance (multi-AR) in Salmonella enterica in pigs in Spain was investigated in this study, together with association of multi-drug resistance with ceftiofur or tulathromycin treatment during the pre-weaning period. Sixty-six S. enterica isolates were recovered from five of the eight farms studied. Forty-seven bacteria (isolates) were multi-drug resistant. The most frequent AR genes detected were tet(A) (77%), sul1 (26%); tet(B) (23%) and qnrB (66,15%). Multi-drug resistance was common, especially for ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline. These antibiotics are used frequently in veterinary medicine in Spain and, therefore, should be used carefully to minimise the spread of multi-drug resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023318300339; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.002
Country: ES

235 Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae (Research paper – Rozwandowicz, 2018)

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235 Research paper – Rozwandowicz – 2018 – Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through genetic elements known as plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmids characteristics and their association with humans and animals provides important information that is essential to understand the contribution of these genes to the transmission of resistance. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR related types of genetic elements (plasmids) in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution. This information is very important in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/73/5/1121/4822282; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx488
Country: NL; DE; ES

233 PCR-Based Analysis of ColE1 Plasmids in Clinical Isolates and Metagenomic Samp (Research paper – Ares-Arroyo, 2018)

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233 Research paper – Ares-Arroyo – 2018 – PCR-Based Analysis of ColE1 Plasmids in Clinical Isolates and Metagenomic Samp

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Sheep; Other;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Genes transferred by ColE1 plasmids are important vehicles for the spread of antibiotic resistance in two families of bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. Their monitoring is essential, as they harbor important resistance elements that can lead to resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria found in humans, animals and the environment. Understanding how these genetic elements work can lead to better understanding of how resistance to antimicrobials is being spread. In this work we present a useful genetic tool for the detection and analysis of ColE1 plasmids, and confirm their important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, especially in the Pasteurellaceae family of bacteria.

Where to find the original material: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00469/full?report=reader; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00469
Country: ES; IN

231 National colistin sales versus colistin resistance in Spanish pig production (Research paper – Miguela-Villoldo, 2019)

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231 Research paper – Miguela-Villoldo – 2019 – National colistin sales versus colistin resistance in Spanish pig production

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance; Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary:
Antimicrobials, particularly colistin, have been the first choice to control a certain type pf bacteria (Gram-negative) in pig production, and often used preventively. However, colistin is now considered to be a last resort antibiotic in human clinical practice. In 2015, the colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) was discovered in China. This mcr-1 gene was then reported in Southern Europe in 2016 in bacteria from farm animals (poultry and pigs). Currently, eight mcr genes have been reported (mcr-1 to 8)). In 2016, the EMA (European Medicine Agency) aimed to reduce use of colistin in animals in the European Union and a voluntary strategic plan to reduce colistin use in pigs was introduced in Spain. A total of 70% of Spanish pig production companies joined the program, representing 80% of Spanish pig production. The impact of these recommendations in the colistin resistance levels in pigs in Spain is reported in this article.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30660816/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.010
Country: ES

229 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegrate Formation In Vivo (Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019)

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229 Research paper – Hadziabdic – 2019 – The blaNDM-1-Carrying IncA C2 Plasmid Underlies Structural Alterations and Cointegr

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
Antimicrobial usage is most common trigger for the spread of antimicrobial resistance however reducing antibiotic use only is not sufficient to reverse resistance. Only eliminating antimicrobial selection pressure does not lead to plasmid loss in all plasmid/host combinations. In 2012, a type of Salmonella bacteria (Salmonella Corvallis) carrying a multi-resistance gene (blaNDM-1 plasmid) was detected in a wild bird in Germany. In recent broiler chicken infection study, we observed transfer of this genetic element to other bacteria. The stability of this gene transfer was observed in our in vivo study with broilers. Our study revealed most common structural alterations of this relevant gene were maintained in the experiments with the broiler flock. Results in this article indicate that for the future, reduction in antimicrobial usage must be combined with alternative approaches that target the loss of the resistance gene, in order to slow down the spread of resistance.

Where to find the original material: https://aac.asm.org/content/63/8/e00380-19; https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00380-19
Country: ES; IT; DE

215 SHAWG – Industry guidance document for veterinary surgeons and farmers on responsible use of antibiotics in sheep by The Sheep Health and Welfare Group SHAWG (Tools & Checklists)

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215 ToolsChecklists – SHAWG – Industry guidance document for veterinary surgeons and farmers on responsible use of antibiotics in sheep by The Sheep Health and Welfare Group SHAWG

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Sheep;
Age:
Summary:
The SHAWG guidance document has been written to outline the key steps in ensuring veterinary surgeons and farmers work together to review and achieve responsible use of antibiotics within the sheep flock. Examination of antibiotic use in the sheep sector, identified the following three areas of concern with regards to prescribing practices for sheep. In some cases these involved whole flock prophylactic treatment for these three specific disease management areas: control of infectious lameness, prevention of enzootic abortion and treatment of lambs against neonatal bacterial infections. The primary recommendations are that, in order to replace, refine and reduce antibiotics in these target areas, vets and sheep farmers should work to plan ahead, prevent disease and protect their flocks.

Where to find the original material: http://beefandlamb.ahdb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Responsible-AMU-guidance-for-sheep_Version-1.0_June-2019.pdf;
Country: United Kingdom;

212 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of Antibiotics (Research paper – Jensen – 2014)

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212 Research paper – Jensen – 2014 – Temporal Relationship Between Decrease in Antimicrobial Prescription for Danish Pigs and the Yellow Card Legal Intervention Directed at Reduction of A

In Significant Impact Groups: Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian; AMU reduction strategies
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Not stated;
Summary:
The potential effects of the Yellow Card intervention, enforced by Danish authorities since 2010 on the antimicrobial prescription in the Danish pig production were investigated. Descriptive analysis of temporal trends in quantitative antimicrobial prescription for pigs were performed for each administration route, age and disease group. There was a 25% decline in the total antimicrobial use per pig produced between 2009 and 2011, both in sows, piglets, weaners and finishers. Reduced prescription of some antibiotics for oral use in weaners and finishers explained 76% of the total reduction. In 2012, the overall antimicrobial use increased by 10%, as a result of slight changes of prescription patterns. On herd level, the decline and subsequent increase was mainly related to changes in number of herds receiving regular monthly prescriptions. The steep decrease in antimicrobial use in the Danish pig production was temporally related with the announcement and introduction of the Yellow Card intervention.

Where to find the original material: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25263135/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.006
Country: DK

210 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania (Research paper – Milita – 2017)

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210 Research paper – Milita – 2017 – Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal escherichia coli producing ESBLAMPC isolated from caecal samples of slaughered pigs in Romania

In Significant Impact Groups: AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance Disease/health
Species targeted: Pigs;
Age: Adult;
Summary:
The monitoring of the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli commensal strains isolated from caecal samples collected from slaughtered pigs was implemented for the first time in Romania, in 2015, by testing a number of 399 samples. The prevalence of commensal ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains isolated from the slaughtered strains were resistant to cefotaxime (100%), ampicillin (100%), cefepime (91.93%), ceftazidime (90.13 %), sulfamethoxazole (73.54%), tetracycline (71.30 %), trimethoprim (62.33%), ciprofloxacin (53.81%), chloramphenicol (41.70%), nalidixic acid (39.91%), gentamicin (20.63%), cefoxitin (20.63%), azithromycin (14,35%), colistin (3.59%), ertapenem (1.79%). This survey shows that the pigs slaughtered in Romania during the year 2015 were colonized, in a proportion of more than 60%, with strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. The results obtained will provide important insight into effects of using antimicrobials at animals.

Where to find the original material: https://agmv.ro/vol-27-nr-3-2017/;
Country: RO