79 Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage (Research paper; Jensen, 2004)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Antimicrobial use
Summary: Standardized statistics are necessary for international comparison of usage, monitoring of national drug usage and for comparative studies of drug use. The defined animal daily dose is a better measure than the weight of active compound, but interpretation of trends in drug consumption also should include current knowledge of changes in the prescribed daily doses. To enable direct comparison of usage, the number of animals in the target population should be used as a baseline. Depending on the scope, information on number of animals may be obtained from different sources (such as animal-production data, existing registers or direct contact with the individual farmers). Application of standardized statistics will improve the basis for research and the ability to respond to problems of antimicrobial resistance in a targeted way and to evaluate the effect of informative or regulative measures taken to ensure prudent use.
79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587704000868; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.04.001
Country: DK

79 Research paper – Jensen – 2004 – Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage

73 Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs: comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scaling in food-producing and companion animals (Research paper; Avene, 2016)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Other
Species targeted: Poultry; Dairy; Beef;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (clearance, volume of distribution, half-life)
Summary: Distribution of cephalosporin antimicrobials in animals bodies is in general very similar between animal species. It was shown that generalizing of amounts of antimicrobial values for volume of distribution and clearance of most cephalosporins across food-producing and companion animal species can be performed using allometric scaling.
73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin
Where to find the original material:
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0817-2
Country: NL

73 Research paper – Averne – 2016 – Modelling concentrations of antimicrobial drugs_ comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antimicrobials and accuracy of allometric scalin

64 Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs, Veal Calves, and Broilers in The Netherlands: Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of Data in 2011 (Research paper; Bos, 2013)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Monitoring and surveillance \ Antibiotic use
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy;
Age: Different for different species;
Outcome Parameter(s): defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y); treatment days per year
Summary: Since 2011, the consumption of veterinary antimicrobial has been recorded in The Netherlands. These data are used to define benchmark indicators for veterinary consumption of antimicrobials. This paper presents the results of sector wide consumption of antimicrobials, for all pig, veal calf, and broiler farms. Data were used to calculate animal defined daily dosages per year (ADDD/Y) per pig or veal calf farm. For broiler farms, number of animal treatment days per year was calculated. Furthermore, data were used to calculate the consumption of specific antimicrobial classes per administration route per pig or veal calf farm. The distribution of antimicrobial consumption per farm varied greatly within and between farm categories. The insights obtained from the results of this study, and the full transparency obtained by monitoring antimicrobial consumption per farm, will help reduce antimicrobial consumption and help create implementation of antimicrobial stewardship.
64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of
Where to find the original material:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804574/; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077525
Country: NL

64 Research paper – Bos – 2013 – Consumption of Antimicrobials in Pigs Veal Calves and Broilers in The Netherlands_ Quantitative Results of Nationwide Collection of

56 Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine (Research paper; Ungemach, 2006)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: To reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) and minimize the development of resistance, compulsory guidelines for responsible use were published in Germany in 2000. Key elements of the guidelines are the use of antibiotics on the basis of an exact diagnosis, choosing a product with a narrow spectrum of activity, high safety margin and good tissue penetration, avoidance of critically important antibiotics, and adherence to the datasheet (no underdosing or prolonged dosing). Any deviations from the guidelines must be justified and recorded. Monitoring of AMU as medicated feed in pig production indicated a change in prescribing after guideline introduction. AMU declined from 4255 kg before the guidelines to 1145 kg by 2002, resulting in a reduction in the treatment days/animal from 31.6 to 13.6 days. The use of chlortetracycline decreased from 76% of the total antibiotics prescribed to 14.7% at the end of the study. These results suggest the responsible AMU guidelines have been an important tool to reduce AMU.
56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422106000634; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.059
Country: DE

56 Research paper – Ungemach – 2006 – Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine

55 Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2015)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: A questionnaire to understand veterinary attitudes towards prescribing antibiotics found veterinarians working across species were comparable in their opinions towards the Dutch policy to halve veterinary antibiotic consumption. Less experienced veterinarians and those working with ruminants reported difficulty resisting farmers’ or colleagues’ demands for antibiotics compared with veterinarians working with pigs/poultry/veal. Contrastingly, more experience was associated with being less concerned about the contribution of veterinarians to antimicrobial resistance, considering it more important to keep the right to prescribe and sell antibiotics. The main perceived reasons for non-compliance with veterinary advice by farmers were related to finances and time, although pig/poultry/veal veterinarians highlighted conflicting advice from other advisors as a cause for non-compliance. This study suggests that less experienced veterinarians might require support to resist pressure from farmers/colleagues. Additionally, experienced veterinarians could be educated about overuse of antibiotics. Alternative approaches should be identified for veterinarians to preserve an income from advising and to prevent contradictory advice being a barrier.
55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals
Where to find the original material:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300039; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.014
Country: NL

55 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2015 – Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals

51 Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Specific alternatives \ Other
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young;Adult;
Summary: Bacteriophages or simply are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria. Within these bacteria, they replicate and produce new virus particles which are set free as soon as the bacteria either disintegrates or explodes. This capacity of being able to destroy bacteria makes phages powerful antimicrobials and exactly that characteristic could be exploited while treating various infectious diseases, i.e. by phage treatment.
The number of studies about phage therapy is growing, indicating that more data will become available about phage and enzybiotic efficacy and safety.
Advantages and disadvantages are discussed and the article ends with perspectives for the future. One of the most important problems before commercialization of products is the lack of clear regulations. Therefore it is essential to continue contributing necessary data, so authorities can understand the real value of their later use.
52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.poultryworld.net/Health/Articles/2019/2/Pros-and-cons-of-using-phages-388607E/;
Country: USA

52 Farm Innovation – Phages by Intralytix Omnilytixs

50 Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): Prudent use AB \ Veterinarian
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU
Summary: Veterinarians are responsible for prescribing and overseeing antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals. An understanding of veterinarians’ prescribing practices can help to design interventions to reduce AMU in farming. This Dutch study identified factors that influence farm veterinarian prescribing. Research interviews with eleven farm veterinarians were conducted and analysed. There were many conflicting interests identified regarding antimicrobial prescribing by veterinarians. A veterinarian’s professional obligation to reduce animal suffering, financial dependency on clients, risk avoidance, concerns about own skills, lack of farmers’ compliance to veterinary recommendations, public health interests and personal beliefs regarding their contribution to AMR, were found to be factors in antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of farm veterinarians. Interventions to change prescribing behaviour could address veterinary attitudes, advisory skills and provide tools to deal with (perceived) pressure from farmers to prescribe antimicrobials. Policy measures could support farm veterinarians to shift to a more independent animal health consultant role.
50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12168; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12168
Country: NL

50 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in the Netherlands_ A Qualitative Study

47 Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Other
Species targeted: Poultry;
Age: Young; Adult;
Summary: Flock health plans have evolved from assurance scheme checklists to the foundations of an active partnership between farmer and vet. The benefits of a documented health plan and its potential to improve production and performance are discussed.
In the past health plans were often shelved by producers who saw them as a box-ticking exercise, required only to demonstrate that the farm complied with assurance scheme rules.
The plan is now often used as a dynamic document that not only sets out procedures but also serves to highlight issues that arise during a production cycle. The components of the plans have also changed – fuelled by the ongoing drive to cut antibiotic use.
Topics that are discussed are among others vaccination programmes, biosecurity planning and contingency planning.
47 Farm Innovation – Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service
Where to find the original material: (in English)
https://www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2018/5/How-to-get-the-most-from-a-poultry-flock-health-plan-287225E/;
Country: UK

47 Farm Innovation – Flock health plan by Poultry Health Service

42 Antibiotic guidance by AMCRA (Farm Innovation)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies ; Pathogen management
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Age: Young; Adult;
Outcome Parameter(s): Effects social and/or public health positively.
Summary: Monitoring and use of antibiotics – Current situation and recommendations for the future:
Advices and legislation are discussed on this website, by providing PDF’s with information per theme. Due to the extent of these documents, reference is made to the website. Topics which are discussed vary from “Advice: use of humanly licensed antibiotics in animals” to “Advice: measures towards responsible antibiotic use in racing pigeons” and many more.
42 Farm Innovation – Antibiotic guidance by AMCRA
Where to find the original material: (in Dutch)
https://www.amcra.be/nl/adviezen-en-wetgeving;
Country: BE

42 Farm Innovation – Antibiotic guidance by AMCRA

41 Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands. The Dutch Success Model (Research paper; Speksnijder, 2014)

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Significant Impact Group(s): AMU reduction strategies \ Legislation and incentives; Government ; Prudent use AB
Species targeted: Pigs; Poultry; Dairy; Beef; Sheep;
Outcome Parameter(s): Reduced AMU; Decrease in the use of antimicrobials [defined doses per animal year (DDD/Y)]
Summary: Veterinary overuse of antimicrobials contributes to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance which poses a public health risk. A series of events and discoveries of significant reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant pathogens in the Netherlands resulted in a successful collaboration between government and stakeholders to reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals. Total use of antimicrobials in farm animals in the Netherlands decreased with 56% in the period 2007–2012. A combination of compulsory and voluntary measures and reduction goals resulted in this decrease.
41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model
Where to find the original material:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12167; https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12167
Country: NL

41 Research paper – Speksnijder – 2014 – Reduction of Veterinary Antimicrobial Use in the Netherlands_The Dutch Success Model